| What does MAP stand for? | Motivation, Action and Prompts. |
| Have the motivation to do what? | Have the motivation to make the change. |
| Action to do what? | The client needs the skills to translate that motivation into an action. Take action that will result in the change that they want to make. |
| What do we mean by prompts? | The client’s environment can be used to help Prompt healthy behaviour. The client to be aware of the prompts and cues which help or/and hinder us to make the change and to stick to it. |
| The Health Belief Model (Becker 1975) | The model predicts that people will take action to protect or promote their health if:
They believe they are susceptible to a condition or problem.
They believe the condition or problem will have serious consequences.
They believe a course of action is available which will reduce their susceptibility or minimise the consequences.
They believe that the benefits of taking action will outweigh the costs or barriers. |
| What are the limitations regarding the Health Belief Model. (Becker 1975) | There are several limitations of the HBM which limit its utility in public health. Limitations of the model include the following:
It does not account for a person's attitudes, beliefs, or other individual determinants that dictate a person's acceptance of a health behavior.
It does not take into account behaviors that are habitual and thus may inform the decision-making process to accept a recommended action (e.g., smoking).
It does not take into account behaviors that are performed for non-health related reasons such as social acceptability.
It does not account for environmental or economic factors that may prohibit or promote the recommended action.
It assumes that everyone has access to equal amounts of information on the illness or disease.
It assumes that cues to action are widely prevalent in encouraging people to act and that "health" actions are the main goal in the decision-making process. |
| The Theory of Planned Behaviour. (Azjen I, (2002) | The Theory of Planned Behaviour suggests that behaviour is driven by behavioural intentions.
These are a function of:
Attitude Towards the Behaviour — beliefs about the consequences of the behaviour and an appraisal of the positive and negative aspects of making a change.
Subjective Norms - (do people important to the individual think that the behaviour should be performed). What ‘significant others’ do and expect and the degree the person wants to conform and be like others.
Perceived Behavioural Control - (perception of how easy or difficult it would be to perform the behaviour). This is often described as self-efficacy. |
| Social Cognitive Theory. (Bandura 1995) | Key aspects of this theory are:
Reciprocal Determinism — Describes the way in which an individual, their environment and behaviour continuously interact and influence each other (eg if a significant number of people in a given environment are non-smokers and are assertive about their desire to restrict smoking in that environment it can influence a smoker to modify their behaviour).
Outcome Expectancies — the individual’s perception of whether an action will lead to a particular outcome (eg If I stop smoking I will reduce my risk of heart disease).
Self-Efficacy — whether people believe they can change. Self-efficacy is proposed as the most important pre-requisite for behaviour change. |
| What are the satges of the cycle of health behaviour change? | Pre-Contemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance and Relapse. |
| What does Pre-Contemplation mean? | The client is not thinking of changing. |
| What does Contemplation mean? | The client is considering change, but this stage may last a considerable time. |
| What does Preparation mean? | The client is in the process of preparing to change, but needs to find strategies which are acceptable, accessible, appropriate and effective. A number of potential strategies may need to be explored. |
| What does Action mean? | The client is taking action, but may need to be closely monitored in order to ensure that they do not become over confident. |
| What does Maintenance mean? | The client is maintaining change. This is generally regarded as at least 6 months of ‘action’ (without interruption). |
| What does Relapse mean? | This is not the client failing, but an accepted part of the change process. Clients are better prepared having learned from previous experience, though it is important to prepare them for this possibility. |
| It is important that as a Health & Fitness professional you follow the principles that underpin the approaches for behaviour changes. These are what? | Values/attitudes.
Personal responsibility.
Person centred approach.
Effective communicator.
Professional and ethical approach. |
| Define Values & Attitudes as a health and fitness professional? | It is important for health practitioners to have an awareness of their own values, attitudes and assumptions on issues such as gender, age, disability, deprivation, sexual preferences, drinking and obesity. Such perspectives may affect assumptions which they make about clients. A lack of awareness may result in difficulties in providing appropriate support. |
| Define personal responsibility as a health and fitness professional? | It is important that clients accept responsibility for change. Trying to push a client too hard is likely to be met with resistance, so an effective approach involves a neutral stance, emphasising that the client has the freedom to make their own choices. The client should be encouraged to think about what they want for themselves and take ownership of it. |
| Define person centred approach as a health and fitness professional? | Practitioners should respect and uphold the dignity of clients, recognise where clients are stressed, and take into account client personal history. It is important to understand client’s emotional needs, values, aspirations and expectations. Clients must retain autonomy, and develop confidence and trust in the practitioner. |
| Define effective communications skills as a health and fitness professional? | Practitioners should adopt a collaborative approach to communication, which respects client autonomy. It is important to help the client understand the case for change. Speak slowly, let your client do most of the talking, listen carefully, ask open questions, and provide requested information.
Remember that successful communication is the message received — not the message given. |
| Define professional and ethical approach as a health and fitness professional? | Practitioners should be aware of their own competence. It is important to identify risk to clients and know appropriate policy on the protection of children and vulnerable adults. This should be underpinned by knowledge of when, how, and who to refer clients onto when the practitioner does not have the skillset to deal competently with the issue. |
