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level: Branchiomeric Muscles

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Branchiomeric Muscles

Question	Answer
Functions of electric organs	- defense - communication - locating prey (electrolocation)
Associated with the pharyngeal arches	Branchiomeric muscles
Series of skeletal and smooth muscles	Branchiomeric muscles
Adductors, constrictors, and levetors operate jaws plus successive gill arches	Branchiomeric muscles
True/False Muscles of the Mandibular Arch: Shark and other fish operate the jaws (adductor mandibulae and intermandibularis)	True.
True/False Muscles of the Mandibular Arch: In tetrapods, muscles of 1st arch operate jaws	True
Muscles of the Mandibular Arch: In tetrapods, adductors of mandible are:	- masseter & temporalis - pterygoid - digastric
Move hyoid arch, aid in hearing (stapedial muscle), assist in moving lower jaw (e.g., digastric)	Muscles of Hyoid Arch
Muscles of 3rd and successive arches 1. Shark 2. Bony Fish 3. Tatrapods a. muscles reduced; operculum plays important role in respiration b. muscles further reduced c. constrictors above and below gill chambers plus levators (inlcuding the cucullaris) that compress and expand the gill pouches	1. c. 2. a. 3. b.
Muscles of 3rd and successive arches: In tetrapods, primary muscles include: 1. stylopharyngeus (Arch III) 2. Intrinsic muscles of the larynx 3. Cucullaris a. gives rise to trapezius, cleidomastoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles of amniotes b. voicebox c. used for swallowing	1. c. 2. b. 3. a.
Integumentary muscles: 1. originate (usually on the skeleton and insert on the underside of the dermis 2. entirely within the dermis 3. found in birds and mammals 4. striated 5. mostly smooth muscles 6. move skin of amniotes a. Extrinsic integumentary muscles (platysma) b. Intrinsic integumentary muscles (arrector pili muscles)	1. a 2. b. 3. b. 4. a. 5. b. 6. a.
Consist of a number of electric discs (up to 20,000) piled in either vertical or horizontal columns	Electric organs
Each disc (electroplax) is a large coin-shaped cell	Electric organs
Evolved several times in a variety of fish (good example of convergent evolution)	Electric organs