| the act of preventing somebody/something from entering a place or taking part in something | He was disappointed with his EXCLUSION from the England squad. |
| only to be used by one particular person or group; only given to one particular person or group | EXCLUSIVE rights to televise the World Cup |
| for only one particular person, group or use | The resort caters almost EXCLUSIVELY for a high-society public. |
| [usually passive] to kill somebody, especially as a legal punishment | He was EXECUTED for treason. |
| the act of killing somebody, especially as a legal punishment | Over 200 EXECUTIONS were carried out last year. |
| to use power or influence to affect somebody/something | He EXERTED all his authority to make them accept the plan. |
| the state of being sent to live in another country that is not your own, especially for political reasons or as a punishment | The whole family went into EXILE. |
| (formal) to go out; to leave a building, stage, vehicle, etc. | The bullet entered her back and EXITED through her chest. |
| the act of spending or using money; an amount of money spent | a reduction in public/government/military EXPENDITURE |
| based on new ideas, forms or methods that are used to find out what effect they have | The school's EXPERIMENTAL teaching methods include letting the children decide what to study. |
| (of a document, an agreement, etc.) to be no longer legally acceptable because the period of time for which it could be used has ended | When does your driving licence EXPIRE ? |
| (of a statement or piece of writing) clear and easy to understand, so that you have no doubt what is meant | The reasons for the decision should be made EXPLICIT. |
| clearly or directly, so that the meaning is easy to understand | The report states EXPLICITLY that the system was to blame. |
| (disapproving) a situation in which somebody treats somebody else in an unfair way, especially in order to make money from their work | Starvation and poverty are the result of global economic EXPLOITATION, not lack of resources. |
| easily able or likely to explode | an EXPLOSIVE mixture of chemicals |
| a substance that is able or likely to cause an explosion | The bomb was packed with several pounds of high EXPLOSIVE. |
| to remove or obtain a substance from something, for example by using an industrial or a chemical process | The Egyptians used a primitive form of distillation to EXTRACT the essential oils from plants. |
| a person whose opinions, especially about religion or politics, are extreme, and who may do things that are violent or illegal for what they believe | left-wing/right-wing/political/religious EXTREMISTS |
| to make an action or a process possible or easier | The new trade agreement should FACILITATE more rapid economic growth. |
| a small group of people within a larger one, whose members have some different aims and beliefs to those of the larger group | There are rival FACTIONS within the administration. |
| a department or group of related departments in a college or university | students who are doing degrees in the Arts FACULTY |
| to become or to make something become paler or less bright | All colour had FADE from the sky. |
| the quality of treating people equally or in a way that is reasonable | The FAIRNESS of the judicial system is being questioned. |
| causing or ending in death | a FATAL accident/blow/illness |
| the things, especially bad things, that will happen or have happened to somebody/something | The court will decide our FATE/fates. |
| making people have a good opinion of somebody/something | She made a FAVOURABLE impression on his parents. |
| an action or a piece of work that needs skill, strength or courage | to accomplish/achieve/perform astonishing FEATS |
| having or based on the belief that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men | FEMINIST demands/ideas/theories |
| a person who supports the belief that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men | Nineteenth-century FEMINISTS demanded equal education and employment opportunities for single women. |
| the part of food that helps to keep a person healthy by keeping the bowels working and moving other food quickly through the body | Dried fruits are especially high in FIBRE. |
| (especially of people or animals) angry and aggressive in a way that is frightening | Two FIERCE eyes glared at them. |
| a person who directs or produces films | film-maker |
| a device containing paper, sand, chemicals, etc. that a liquid or gas is passed through in order to remove any materials that are not wanted | FILTER paper for the coffee machine |
| filter something to pass liquid, light, etc. through a special device, especially to remove something that is not wanted | All drinking water must be FILTERED. |
| a sum of money that must be paid as punishment for breaking a law or rule | I got a parking fine for parking on double yellow FINES. |
| to make somebody pay money as an official punishment | Any company found to be breaking these rules will be heavily FINED. |
| a gun that can be carried | The police were issued with FIREARMS. |
| a sudden attack of an illness, such as epilepsy, in which somebody becomes unconscious and their body may make violent movements | He suffered from headaches and fainting FITS. |
| a sports event that has been arranged to take place on a particular date and at a particular place | There are plans to make the race an annual FIXTURE. |
| a mistake in something that means that it is not correct or does not work correctly | The report reveals fatal FLAWS in security at the airport. |
| having a flaw; not perfect or correct | seriously/fundamentally/fatally FLAWED |
| to leave a person or place very quickly, especially because you are afraid of possible danger | a camp for refugees FLEEING from the war |
| a group of military ships commanded by the same person | Nelson destroyed the Franco-Spanish FLEET at the Battle of Trafalgar. |
| the soft substance between the skin and bones of animal or human bodies | The trap had cut deeply into the rabbit's FLESH. |
| (approving) the ability to change to suit new conditions or situations | The new system offers a much greater degree of FLEXIBILITY / flexibility in the way work is organized. |
| to develop quickly and become successful or common | Few businesses are FLOURISHING / flourish in the present economic climate. |
| a liquid; a substance that can flow | The doctor told him to drink plenty of FLUIDS. |
| part of a film showing a particular event | People see live FOOTAGE of the war at home on their televisions. |
| a person who comes from a different country | The fact that I was a FOREIGNER was a big disadvantage. |
| forge something to put a lot of effort into making something successful or strong so that it will last | Strategic alliances are being FORGED with major European companies. |
| (mathematics) a series of letters, numbers or symbols that represent a rule or law | This FORMULA is used to calculate the area of a circle. |
| to create or prepare something carefully, giving particular attention to the details | formulate |
| away from a place; out | Huge chimneys belched FORTH smoke and grime. |
| going to happen, be published, etc. very soon | the FORTHCOMING elections |
| to encourage something to develop | The club's aim is to FOSTER better relations within the community. |
| easily broken or damaged | FRAGILE china/glass/bones |
| formal permission given by a company to somebody who wants to sell its goods or services in a particular area; formal permission given by a government to somebody who wants to operate a public service as a business | a FRANCHISE agreement/company |
| in an honest and direct way that people might not like | They FRANKLY admitted their responsibility. |
| feeling annoyed and impatient because you cannot do or achieve what you want | They felt FRUSTRATED at the lack of progress. |
| causing you to feel annoyed and impatient because you cannot do or achieve what you want | The FRUSTRATING thing is, they probably won’t even be in when we get there. |
| the feeling of being frustrated | he couldn't stand the FRUSTRATION of not being able to help. |
| practical and useful; with little or no decoration | The office was large and FUNCTIONAL rather than welcoming. |
| the activity of collecting money for a charity or organization, often by organizing social events or entertainments | The hospice is planning a major FUNDRAISING event for June. |
| a ceremony, often a religious one, for burying or cremating or burning a dead person | Hundreds of people attended the FUNERAL. |
| (in Britain and North America) a unit for measuring liquid. In the UK, Canada and other countries it is equal to about 4.5 litres; in the US it is equal to about 3.8 litres. There are four quarts in a gallon. | The tankers carried 130000 GALLONS of fuel. |
| the activity of playing games of chance for money and of betting on horses, etc. | The commission licenses and regulates casino GAMBLING and horse racing in the state. |
| a meeting of people for a particular purpose | a social/family GATHERING |
| a long, steady look at somebody/something | She dropped her GAZE (= stopped looking). |
| to look steadily at somebody/something for a long time, either because you are very interested or surprised, or because you are thinking of something else | He sat for hours just GAZING into space. |
| equipment in a vehicle that changes the relation between engine speed (or pedal speed on a bicycle) and the speed of the wheels moving forwards or backwards | The car pulled up with a screech of brakes and a grinding of GEARS. |
| shared by, including or typical of a whole group of things; not specific | ‘Vine fruit’ is the GENERIC term for currants and raisins. |
| the murder of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group, with the aim of destroying that nation or group | Refugees gave accounts of the mass GENOCIDE. |
| a quick look | to take/have a GLANCE at the newspaper headlines |
| to look quickly at something/somebody | I GLANCED up quickly to see who had come in. |
| a sight of somebody/something for a very short time, when you do not see the person or thing completely | He caught a GLIMPSE of her in the crowd. |
| (formal) deserving or bringing great success and making somebody/something famous | We congratulate you on this GLORIOUS victory. |
| great success that brings somebody praise and honour and makes them famous | Olympic GLORY / glory in the 100 metres |
| the activity of governing a country or controlling a company or an organization; the way in which a country is governed or a company or institution is controlled | He emphasized the company's commitment to high standards of corporate GOVERNANCE. |
| an attractive quality of movement that is smooth and done with control; a simple and beautiful quality | She moves with the natural GRACE of a ballerina. |
| a strong hold of somebody/something or control over somebody/something | I grabbed him, but he slipped from my GRASP. |
| to take a strong hold of somebody/something | He GRASPED my hand and shook it warmly. |
| (of situations, feelings, etc.) very serious and important; giving you a reason to feel worried | The police have expressed GRAVE concern about the missing child's safety. |
| a place in the ground where a dead person is buried | The plague victims were buried in a mass GRAVE. |
| the force that attracts objects in space towards each other, and that on the earth pulls them towards the centre of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they are dropped | Newton’s law of GRAVITY |
| a pattern of straight lines, usually crossing each other to form squares | New York’s GRID of streets |
| a very sad feeling, especially when somebody dies | They were able to share their common joys and GRIEFS. |
| a wide smile | She gave a broad GRIN. |
| to smile widely | Stop GRINNING and tell me what happened! |
| to break or press something into very small pieces between two hard surfaces or using a special machine | The animal has teeth that GRIND its food into a pulp. |
| an act of holding somebody/something tightly; a particular way of doing this | to loosen/release/relax your GRIP / grip |
| to hold something tightly | She GRIPPED on to the railing with both hands. |
| being the total amount of something before anything is taken away | Investments showed a GROSS profit of 26 per cent. |
| a member of a small group of soldiers who are not part of an official army and who fight against official soldiers, usually to try to change the government | GUERRILLA war/warfare (= fought by GUERRILLAS on one or both sides) |
| help or advice that is given to somebody, especially by somebody older or with more experience | Activities all take place under the GUIDANCE of an experienced tutor. |
| the unhappy feelings caused by knowing or thinking that you have done something wrong | Many survivors were left with a sense of GUILT. |
| the tube in the body through which food passes when it leaves the stomach | It can take up to 72 hours for food to pass through the GUT. |
| to describe somebody/something as being very good or special, especially in newspapers, etc. | The conference was HAILED as a great success. |
| at an equal distance between two points; in the middle of a period of time | I'm afraid we're not even HALFWAY there yet. |
| an act of stopping the movement or progress of somebody/something | Work came to a HALT when the machine broke down. |
| to stop; to make somebody/something stop | The police were HALTING traffic on the parade route. |
