| Two types of vascular tissues in plants responsible for transportation. | Xylem and Phloem |
| What are the two main types of vascular tissues in plants? | Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissues in plants. |
| Plant tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals from roots up the plant. | Xylem Tissue |
| What is the main function of xylem tissue in plants? | Xylem tissue is adapted to transport water and minerals around a plant. |
| The process by which xylem cells transport water and minerals from the roots up the plant. | Water and Mineral Transport |
| What do xylem cells transport in plants? | Xylem cells transport water and minerals up the plant from the roots. |
| The loss of water from the plant due to evaporation and diffusion. | Transpiration |
| What causes more water to be drawn up the xylem? | Transpiration, the loss of water from the plant by evaporation and diffusion, causes more water to be drawn up the xylem. |
| Structural features that make xylem tissue well-suited for water transport. | Xylem Tissue Adaptations |
| How is xylem tissue adapted for water transport? | Xylem tissue is made up of hollow tubes of dead xylem cells reinforced with lignin for strength. |
| A substance that reinforces the cell walls of xylem cells, providing strength. | Lignin |
| What role does lignin play in xylem tissue? | Lignin reinforces the cell walls of xylem cells, providing strength to the tissue. |
| Plant tissue responsible for the translocation of food substances, such as sucrose, throughout the plant. | Phloem Tissue |
| What is the main function of phloem tissue in plants? | Phloem tissue is adapted to help plants with translocation, the movement of food substances from leaves to other parts of the plant. |
| The process of moving food substances from leaves to other parts of the plant. | Translocation |
| What is translocation in plants? | Translocation is the movement of food substances from leaves to other parts of the plant. |
| Cells in phloem tissue responsible for transporting food substances like sucrose up and down the plant. | Phloem Cells |
| What do phloem cells transport in plants? | Phloem cells transport food substances, such as sucrose, up and down the plant. |
| The fluid containing dissolved substances, including sucrose, within plant cells. | Cell Sap |
| What is sucrose dissolved in within the phloem cells? | Sucrose is dissolved in cell sap within the phloem cells. |
| Structural features of phloem cells that make them well-suited for transporting cell sap. | Phloem Cell Adaptations |
| How are phloem cells adapted for transporting cell sap? | Phloem tissue's elongated cells are adapted to transport cell sap. Unlike xylem, phloem is made up of living cells, which use energy to transport sucrose around. |
| The need for energy in phloem cells to transport sucrose. | Energy Requirement in Phloem |
| Why do phloem cells require energy for transporting sucrose? | Active transport against concentration gradient; essential for efficient bidirectional sucrose movement. |
| Openings in the end walls of phloem cells through which sap moves from one cell to the next. | Pores in End Walls |
| How does sap move within the phloem tissue? | Sap moves from one phloem cell to the next through pores in their end walls. |
| Pores present on the surface of a leaf, facilitating the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. | Stomata |
| What are the pores on a leaf called, and what is their function? | The pores on a leaf are called stomata, and they facilitate the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. |
| Each individual pore on a leaf's surface, through which gas exchange occurs. | Stoma |
| What is each individual pore on a leaf called? | Each individual pore on a leaf is called a stoma. |
| The process by which carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out of the leaf through stomata. | Gas Exchange |
| What is the primary function of stomata? | Stomata facilitate gas exchange, allowing carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf. |
| The uneven distribution of stomata, with more found on the underside of a leaf than on the top. | Stomata Distribution |
| Where are stomata more abundant on a leaf? | There are more stomata on the underside of a leaf than on the top. |
| Cells surrounding each stoma that control its opening and closing. | Guard Cells |
| What surrounds each stoma, regulating its opening and closing? | Each stoma is surrounded by guard cells. |
| The role of guard cells in regulating stomatal opening and closing. | Guard Cell Function |
| What happens to stomata when guard cells are filled with water? | When guard cells are filled with water, they swell, causing the stomata to open and facilitating gas exchange. |
| The reaction of guard cells to water shortage, leading to stomatal closure. | Guard Cell Response to Water Shortage |
| How do guard cells respond to a shortage of water? | When there is a shortage of water, guard cells shrink, causing stomatal closure and reducing water vapor loss through the pores. |
| The process of water loss from a plant, primarily through evaporation and diffusion. | Transpiration |
| What is transpiration in plants? | Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant. |
| Factors leading to transpiration, including evaporation and diffusion of water through the stomata. | Causes of Transpiration |
| What causes transpiration in plants? | Transpiration is caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water through the stomata. |
| The movement of water from the plant to the air through the stomata due to differences in water concentration. | Water Movement |
| How does water move out of the plant during transpiration? | Water leaves the plant through the stomata by diffusion, driven by differences in water concentration. |
| The process by which plants draw in more water through the roots to compensate for water lost through transpiration. | Water Absorption |
| Why does more water need to be drawn in through the roots during transpiration? | Water leaves the plant during transpiration, leading to the need for more water absorption through the roots |
| The ability of plants to control the opening and closing of stomata, influencing gas exchange and water loss. | Stomatal Regulation |
| How do plants control the level of gas exchange and water loss? | Plants can control gas exchange and water loss by opening and closing the stomata. |
| The speed at which water is lost from a plant through transpiration. | Transpiration Rate |
| What does the transpiration rate refer to? | The transpiration rate is the speed at which water is lost from a plant through transpiration. |
| The relationship between temperature and the rate of transpiration. | Temperature and Transpiration |
| How does temperature affect the transpiration rate? | Transpiration happens at a faster rate at higher temperatures because molecules have more energy and move around faster. |
| The impact of dry conditions on the transpiration rate. | Dry Conditions and Transpiration |
| What happens to the transpiration rate in dry conditions, and why? | More water leaves the plant by diffusion in dry conditions because there are fewer water particles in the dry air. |
| The impact of humid conditions on the transpiration rate. | Humid Conditions and Transpiration |
| How does humidity affect the transpiration rate? | Less water leaves the plant by diffusion in humid conditions because there are more water particles in the air, reducing the concentration gradient. |
| The influence of air movement, particularly wind, on the transpiration rate. | Air Movement and Transpiration |
| How does air movement affect the transpiration rate? | The transpiration rate is higher when there's more air movement (wind) because wind carries water molecules away from the plant, leading to more water loss by transpiration. |
| The level of brightness or illumination in the environment. | Light Intensity |
| What is light intensity? | Light intensity is the level of brightness or illumination in the environment. |
| The relationship between light intensity and the rate of transpiration. | Light Intensity and Transpiration Rate |
| How does light intensity affect the transpiration rate? | The higher the light intensity, the greater the rate of transpiration. |
| The connection between photosynthesis and the opening of stomata. | Photosynthesis and Stomatal Opening |
| Why do stomata open during light conditions? | Stomata open during light conditions because plants can photosynthesize, and the stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter. |
| The result of stomatal opening during light conditions, leading to increased water diffusion and transpiration. | Increased Transpiration in Light |
| What happens to the rate of transpiration when it's light? | When it's light, the stomata open, allowing carbon dioxide in, and water diffuses out, increasing the rate of transpiration. |
| The relationship between low light intensity and a lower rate of transpiration. | Low Light Intensity and Transpiration Rate |
| How does low light intensity affect the rate of transpiration? | The lower the light intensity, the lower the rate of transpiration. |
| The response of stomata to low light conditions, leading to closure. | Stomatal Closure in the Dark |
| Why do stomata close in the dark? | Stomata close in the dark because photosynthesis doesn't occur, and the plant doesn't need carbon dioxide, saving water and lowering the rate of transpiration. |
| Equipment used to estimate the rate of transpiration in plants by measuring water uptake. | Potometer |
| What is a potometer used for? | A potometer is used to estimate the rate of transpiration in plants by measuring water uptake. |
| The parameter (numerical factor) measured by a potometer, which is not the exact amount of water lost from leaves but provides an estimate of transpiration rate. | Measurement in Potometer |
| What does a potometer measure in terms of water? | The potometer measures the amount of water taken up by the plant, providing an estimate of transpiration rate. |
| Describe the procedure of using a potometer to estimate transpiration rate. | Record the starting position of the bubble, then check its new position at set time intervals for a certain length of time. |
| The formula used to calculate transpiration rate based on the distance moved by the bubble and the time taken. | Calculation of Transpiration Rate |
| How is the transpiration rate calculated using a potometer? | The transpiration rate is estimated by dividing the distance moved by the bubble by the time taken (e.g., 50 mm ÷ 20 min = 2.5 mm/min). |
| A more accurate method of estimating transpiration rate by plotting results on a graph and finding the gradient of the line of best fit. | Graphical Analysis |
| Why is graphical analysis considered a more accurate method for estimating transpiration rate? | By plotting results on a graph, drawing a line of best fit, and finding its gradient, a more accurate estimate of transpiration rate can be obtained. |
