| ?a system that has its purpose in the
selection, acquisition (from the manufacturer),
control storage, dispensing, delivery,
preparation and administration of drug
products in health care institutions in response
to the order of an authorized prescriber
(state its synonyms also) | DRUG DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
synonyms:
Medication Distribution System
Drug Management System
Drug Delivery System |
| The act of a pharmacist in supplying one or
more drug products to a patient, usually in
response to an order form an authorized
prescriber, utilizing his professional knowledge,
judgement, and skills to assess the patient and
the drug and then plan, develop, control and
monitor the maintenance and delivery of the
drug along with the information needed for its
proper storage and administration | DISPENSING |
| a physical quantity of a drug
product ordered by a prescriber to
be administered to a specified
patient at one time, in
ready-to-administer form with no
further physical or chemical
alterations required | UNIT DOSE |
| 1 a package containing one dose
2 a package which contains one discrete
pharmaceutical dosage form e.g. one
tablet, one 5 mL volume of liquid | 1 UNIT DOSE PACKAGE
2 SINGE UNIT PACKAGE |
| STEPS IN DRUG DISTRIBUTION | AT THE MANUFACTURER:
1. Order processing
2. Production and filling
3. Shipping
AT THE PHARMACY:
4. Ordering/Receiving
5. Storing
6. Preparation for dispensing (compounding, measuring, packaging ,labelling)
7. Dispensing
8. Transportation to the Nursing Unit
ON THE NURSING UNIT
9. Order/Receiving
10. Storing
11. Preparation for administration
12. Administration to the patient |
| Within the hospital, these steps IN DRUG DISTRIBUTION constitute the hospital drug distribution system | Step 4 to 12 |
| METHODS USED IN TRANSMITTING PHYSICIAN’S
MEDICATION ORDER TO THE PHARMACY | 1 The physician writes the medication order
2 The medical record has a duplicate copy
3 The physician’s order is transcribed by the
nurse into an inpatient prescription or requisition form.
4 The order is transmitted to the pharmacy by
the physician (in computer terminal) |
| TYPES OF DRUG DISTRIBUTION | 1. Individual prescription for each patient
2. A complete Floor Stock System
3. A combination of 1 and 2
4. Unit dose dispensing either centralized in
the pharmacy or decentralized at the nursing
unit level.
5. A pharmacy coordinated unit-dose
dispensing and drug administration system
if
i
combine
two
unit dose
pharmacy unit dose |
| Drug distribution system in which
medications are dispensed by a pharmacist on
receipt of individual medication orders
? This system is generally used by the small
and/or private hospitals because of the
reduced manpower requirements and the
desirability for individualized service
(give also the advantage & disadv of this) | INDIVIDUAL PRESCRIPTION ORDER
SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES:
1. medication orders directly reviewed by the pharmacist
2. Provides for the interaction of pharmacist, doctor, nurse and patient
3. Provides closer control of inventory
DISADVANTAGES:
1 delay in obtaining medication
2 Increase cost |
| drug distribution system in which drug
supplies are STOCKED ON NURSING UNITS
? RARELY USED or PARTICULARLY EXPENSIVE DRUGS ARE OMITTED FROM FLOOR STOCK but are dispensed upon the receipt of a prescription or medication order for the individual patient
Although this system is USED MOST OFTEN IN
GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER HOSPITALS IN WHICH CHARGES ARE NOT MADE TO THE PATIENT or when the all inclusive rate is used for charging, it does have APPLICABILITY TO THE GENERAL HOSPITAL
(give also the advantage & disadv of this) | FLOOR STOCK SYSTEM
adv:
1. Ready availability of the required drugs
2. Elimination of drug returns
3. Reduction in number of drug order transcriptions for the pharmacy
4. Reduction in the number of pharmacy personnel required
disadv:
1 Medication errors may increase
2 Increase drug inventory
3 Greater opportunity for pilferage
4 Increased hazards w/ drug deterioration
5 Lack of proper storage facilities
6 Greater inroads are made upon the nurses’ time |
| DRUGS ON THE NURSING UNIT MAY BE
DIVIDED INTO: | 1 CHARGE FLOOR STOCK DRUGS
2 NON-CHARGE FLOOR STOCK DRUGS |
| May be defined as those medications that
are stocked on the nursing station at all times
and are CHARGED TO THE PATIENT’S ACCOUNT, after they have been administered to him | CHARGE FLOOR STOCK DRUGS |
| represents that group of medications that are placed at
the nursing station for the use of all patient on the ward
and for which there may be NO DIRECT CHARGE TO THE
PATIENT’S ACCOUNT
? The cost of these group of drugs is usually
calculated in the PER DIEM COST of the hospital room | NON-CHARGE FLOOR STOCK DRUGS |
| In this system, drugs which are free floor stock are charged against the nursing service and, in the final analysis, the patient does pay for the drugs since the COST IS INCLUDED AS A PART OF THE NURSING SERVICE portion of the daily room and board rate | COMBINATION OF INDIVIDUAL DRUG
ORDER AND FLOOR STOCK SYSTEMS |
| The unit dose drug distribution is a pharmacy coordinated system of dispensing and controlling medications in health care institutions
MEDICATIONS ARE CONTAINED IN SINGLE-UNIT
PACKAGES and are dispensed in ready-to-administer form as possible
For most medications, NOT MORE THAN A
24-HOUR SUPPLY OF DOSES IS DELIVERED or
available at the patient care area at any time
A MEDICATION PROFILE IS MAINTAINED for EACH
PATIENT (give also the advantage of this) | UNIT-DOSE DISPENSING SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES:
1 Patients receive improved pharmaceutical service 24 hours a day
2 All doses of medications required a the nursing station are prepared by the pharmacy thus allowing the nurse more time for direct patient care.
3 Allows the pharmacist to interpret physician’s original order (less medication errors)
4 Eliminates excessive duplication of orders
5 Eliminates credit
6 Transfers IV preparation and dry reconstitution
procedures to the pharmacy
7 Promotes more efficient utilization of professional and non-professional personnel
8 Reduces revenue losses
9 Conserves space in nursing units
10 Eliminates pilferage
11 Extends pharmacy coverage and control
12 Pharmacist can get out of wards (consultants) |
| The Unit Dose Dispensing may be introduced into
the hospital in either of two ways: | 1 Centralized Unit Dose Distribution System
(CUDD)
2 Decentralized Unit Dose Drug Distribution (DUDD) |
| All DRUGS are STORED IN A CENTRAL AREA PHARMACY and dispensed at the time the dose is due to be given to the patient | Centralized Unit Dose Distribution System
(CUDD) |
| Sub-pharmacies that receive their supplies from the
main pharmacy but have the ADVANTAGE OF BEING ABLE TO RESPOND TO THE CLINICAL NEEDS OF THE PATIENT ON A
CURRENT BASIS
? In addition, such A SYSTEM MAKES AVAILABLE TO THE PATIENT, PHYSICIAN AND NURSE THE SERVICES OF A PHARMACIST IN A CLINICAL CAPACITY RATHER THAN A DISPENSER OF MEDICATIONS. | Decentralized Unit Dose Drug Distribution (DUDD) |
| This system differs from the others in that pharmacy
TECHNICIANS have been trained to ADMINISTER THE DRUGS instead of registered nurses.
These PHARMACY TECHNICIANS ASSIST in the unit-dose dispensing phase as well as the drug administration phase of the coordinated system which is directly controlled and supervised by registered pharmacists.
PHARMACISTS WORK DIRECTLY WITH PHYSICIANS ON THE NURSING UNIT to carry out pharmacy’s mainstream function of the safe and appropriate use of drugs in patients.
This system REDUCE SIGNIFICANTLY the incidence of MEDICATION ERRORS in comparison with the other drug distribution systems in existence. | PHARMACY-COORDINATED UNIT DOSE
DISPENSING AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
SYSTEM |
