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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Low oxygen-carrying capacity whether it is due to a decreased number of red blood cells or dysfunctional red blood cells.	ANEMIA
Different types of Anemia:	1. Iron Deficiency 2. Pernicious 3. Hereditary Spherocytosis 4. G6PDH Deficiency 5. Sickle Cell 6. Hemorrhagic Anemia 7. Aplastic Anemia 8. Thalassemia
Pigment that reacts with the Iron which converts the iron into HEME which is important in making HEMOGLOBIN	protoporphyrin IX
low amount of iron in the body; smaller amounts of hemoglobin will lead to a smaller RBC Microcytic: If the MCV is less than 90 fL o Small RBCs o Not enough hemoglobin and oxygen; experiences the symptoms SYMPTOMS: • Shortness of breath (dyspnea) • Fatigue • Increased workload on heart • Tachycardia • Dizziness	Iron Deficiency
The average volume of RBCs is measured by __	Mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
1 Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia: 2 Treatment:	1. Blood loss,Heavy menstruation for women,Low iron diet 2 Give more iron, Transfusions are possible
- B-12 or folic acid deficiency o These are usually from leafy vegetables, meat sources. main cause is autoimmune condition on elderly, smaller stomach and the IF product decreases The parietal cells in the stomach secretes a glycoprotein called the intrinsic factor, B-12 naturally binds to the intrinsic factor. Some individuals their immune system somehow produces antibodies that will bind to the intrinsic factor therefore inhibiting B12. Hemoglobin not functioning; less oxygen; stuck in capillaries Macrocytic: If the MCV is greater than 90 fL	Pernicious
Treatment for Pernicious Anemia	Intramuscular injections (IM) of B-12
A genetic condition where there is some type of mutation. If there is a deficiency or mutation wherein the Spectrin and Anchorin (these two are the most important) are inadequately produced A circular shape cell membrane; Spherocytosis This leads to hyperchromic cells but the actual chromicity will be all over the place. Symptoms: Splenomegaly (Large Spleen)	Hereditary Spherocytosis
An enlarged spleen due to blockage in the sinusoidal capillaries going to the spleen.	Splenomegaly
How to detect Hereditary Spherocytosis	Coombs test
in this deficiency RBC cannot do aerobic cellular respiration since they can only do glycolysis. If there is a lack of G6PDH, then you will not be able to make enough NADPH. This leads to hemolytic anemia. o Destruction of RBC o Lower count of RBC	G6PDH Deficiency
In G6PDH Deficiency - When doing tests, you should look for these things. - They decrease the stability the flexibility of the RBC membrane. o Low oxygen, etc	Heinz Bodies
- Abbreviated as HbS Theres a point mutation such as Missense mutation hemoglobin undergo polymerization, and when it polymerizes it forms a sickle shape because of the missense mutation from glutamic acid into valine The problem of this sickling is it get easier to get stuck in capillaries which will undergo hemolysis (can occlude blood vessel)	Sickle cell
A process where you are going from a sickle shape to a normal red blood cell and consistently keep occurring	Sickling
- very painful a prolonged erection due to the actual vessels being clogged with the sickle cells - It can get stuck in the spleen, and that can cause splenomegaly	Priapism
Sickle cell Treatment:	1. give them lot of oxygen 2. Pain reliever such as opioids 3. Fluids 4. Hydroxy urea (it increases the amount of fetal hemoglobin)