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level: Level 9 - DRUGS

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 9 - DRUGS

Question	Answer
competitively block of α1-adrenoceptors decrease peripheral vascular resistance and lower arterial BP by causing relaxation of both arterial and venous smooth muscle.	α-ADRENOCEPTOR–BLOCKING AGENTS Drugs: Prazosin, doxazosin , and terazosin
have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure.	α-/β-ADRENOCEPTOR–BLOCKING AGENTS Drugs: Labetalol and carvedilol block α1, β1, and β2 receptors.
used in the management of gestational hypertension and hypertensive emergencies.	Labetalol
have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure.	Carvedilol, & metoprolol succinate, bisoprolol
primarily for the treatment of hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with two or more drugs. leads to reduced total peripheral resistance and decreased BP	Clonidine CENTRALLY ACTING ADRENERGIC DRUGS
an α2 agonist that is converted to methylnorepinephrine centrally to diminish adrenergic outflow from the CNS the most common s/e are sedation and drowsiness. Its use is limited due to adverse effects and the need for multiple daily doses. It is mainly used for management of hypertension in pregnancy, where it has a record of safety.	Methyldopa
are direct-acting smooth muscle relaxants, not used as primary drugs to treat hypertension. act by producing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, primarily in arteries and arterioles thus decr peripheral resistance and, therefore, blood pressure.	Hydralazine, Minoxidil VASODILATORS
treatment causes hypertrichosis (the growth of body hair). This drug is used topically to treat MALE PATTERN BALDNESS	Minoxidil
Hydralazine A/E	include headache, tachycardia, nausea, sweating, arrhythmia, and precipitation of angina.A lupus-like syndrome can occur with high dosages, but it is reversible upon discontinuation of the drug.
rare but life-threatening situation characterized by severe elevations in BP (systolic ↑180 mm Hg or diastolic ↑ 120 mm Hg) with evidence of progressive target organ damage (for example, stroke, myocardial infarction). require timely BP reduction with treatm administered IV to prevent or limit target organ damage.	HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY
HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY medications	CCB (nicardipine and clevidipine) nitric oxide vasodilators (nitroprusside and nitroglycerin), adrenergic receptor antagonists (phentolamine, esmolol, and labetalol), vasodilator hydralazine dopamine agonist fenoldopam.
BP that remains elevated (above goal) despite admin of an optimal three-drug regimen that includes a diuretic. most common causes are poor compliance, excessive ethanol intake, concomitant conditions (diabetes, obesity, hyperaldosteronism, high salt intake, and/or metabolic syndrome), concomitant medications( sympathomimetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or antidepressant medications), insufficient dose and/or drugs, and use of drugs with similar mechanisms of action	RESISTANT HYPERTENSION
__ therapy may lower BP more quickly with minimal adverse effects.	Combination therapy with separate agents or a fixed-dose combination pill
Initiating therapy with two antihypertensive drugs should be considered in patients with blood pressures that are more than __	20/10 mm Hg above the goal