| Genes | Region(s) of DNA that are made up of nucleotides [molecular unit of heredity]. Code for a specific phenorypic trait. |
| Alleles | Different variations of a gene. All alleles originated from mutations |
| Genome | All the genetic material in the chromosomes of an organism [including genes, DNA sequences] |
| Role of non-coding DNA | Determne when/where coding regions are turned on/off |
| Non-coding DNA | Transcribed proteins (e.g., tRNA), centromeres, telomeres, and introns [within or between protein-coding genes] |
| Introns and Intergenic regions | Provide a binding site for specialised proteins called transcription factors which can either activate [promoters] or suppress [silencers] transcription. |
| Exons | Coding regions of DNA |
| Introns | Non-coding regions of DNA |
| Centromeres | Specialized DNA region on a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell division, ensuring accurate distribution of genetic material between daughter cells. |
| Telomeres | Form protective caps at the end of chromosomes [essential for correct chromosomal replications] |
