| What are the two properties of saturated compounds? | single bond and undergo substitution reactions |
| What are the two properties of unsaturated compounds? | double or tripple bonded and undergo addition reactions |
| What does Markovnikov’s rule state? | In the addition of a protic acid to a carbon-carbon double bond, the hydrogen atom goes to the carbon with more hydrogens, and the halogen atom goes to the carbon with fewer hydrogens. |
| State the acid-base properties of carboxylic acids. | Carboxylic acids are organic compounds with acidic properties due to the presence of a carboxyl group (COOH), which can donate a proton (H+) in solution |
| Through a chemical equation, demonstrate that esterifcation is a reversible reaction (between an alcohol and carboxylic acid). | Esterification: Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid ⇌ Ester + Water
Example: Ethanol + Acetic Acid ⇌ Ethyl Acetate + Water (CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O) |
| State the acid-base properties of amines. | Amines are organic compounds that can act as both bases, accepting protons (H+) to form ammonium ions, and as weak acids, donating protons from the nitrogen atom. |
| Determine the primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in halogenoalkanes. | Halogenoalkanes: Primary carbon (bonded to halogen), Secondary carbon (connected to one primary carbon), Tertiary carbon (attached to two other carbons). |
| Determine the primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols. | Alcohols: Primary carbon (linked to hydroxyl group), Secondary carbon (connected to one primary carbon), Tertiary carbon (bonded to two other carbons). |
| Explain the reaction of nitriles to form amines and alkenes to form alkanes | The reaction of nitriles to form amines involves reduction of nitriles with hydrogen gas (H2) and a metal catalyst (e.g., LiAlH4 or NaBH4), while the reaction of alkenes to form alkanes is through hydrogenation using hydrogen gas (H2) and a metal catalyst (e.g., Pt, Pd, or Ni). |
| What two compounds are formed via condensation reactions? | esters and amides |
