| Define 'pioneer species' | Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize and establish themselves in a newly formed or disturbed habitat, typically characterized by harsh environmental conditions such as bare rock, volcanic lava, or abandoned land after a natural disaster. |
| Define 'climax communities' | Climax communities are stable, self-sustaining communities of plants and animals that have reached the final stage of ecological succession in a given habitat, and are in equilibrium with the prevailing environmental conditions, including climate, soil type, and water availability. |
| What are the key features of 'pioneer species' | The ability to fixate nitrogen, tolerance to extreme conditions, rapid germination of seeds, ability to photosynthesise. |
| Define 'secondary succession'. | Secondary succession is the process by which an ecosystem regenerates and reestablishes itself after a disturbance that has removed or significantly altered the original vegetation cover but has not completely destroyed the soil or the seed bank. |
| Define 'temporal succession' | Temporal succession is the process of species composition changes over time due to natural or human disturbances, resulting in pioneer and climax communities. |
| Define 'primary succession' | The process of ecological succession that occurs on newly formed or exposed land that has no previous soil, such as a lava flow or bare rock, and involves the gradual colonization of pioneer species and the development of soil over time. |
| Define 'spatial succession' | The process of ecological succession occurring at different locations or patches within a landscape, as opposed to over time in a single location. |
| Define 'biomass' | Material that come from living organisms such as plants an animals. (eg. wood, plants etc.) |
