| how are industrial processes designed? | to maximise profit and minimise impact on the environment |
| what factors can influence industrial process design | availability, sustainability and cost of feedstock
opportunities for recycling
energy requirements
marketability of by products
product yield |
| what environmental factors are taken into consideration when designing industrial processes | minimising waste
avoiding the use or production of toxic substances
designing products which will be biodegradable if appropriate |
| what is meant by a raw material | natural resources that can be obtained from the earth that have not undergone any chemical processing |
| give examples of raw materials | fossil fuels
metallic ores
minerals
air
water
salt |
| what is a feedstock | reactive components extracted from raw materials by a chemical process.
other chemicals can be extracted or synthesised from feedstocks |
| give examples of feedstocks | ethene
benzene |
| what is a consumer product | product manufactured for use in society (which usually has a major impact on quality of life) |
| give examples of consumer products | detergents
fertilisers
cosmetics
toiletries |
| what else could be produced in the manufacture of a consumer product (apart from the consumer product itself) | an unwanted side product |
| how can taking into account availability, sustainability and cost of raw materials or feedstocks make profit in industry? | when raw materials/feedstocks are available locally, transport costs are reduced, it is more environmentally friendly |
| how can taking into account availability, sustainability and cost of raw materials or feedstocks cause loss of profit in industry? | some supply is expensive, not readily available or unpredictable, so alternatives will need to be found |
| how can finding opportunities for recycling make profit in industry? | unreacted chemicals can be easily fed back into the reactor, making the process more economical |
| how can finding opportunities for recycling cause profit loss in industry? | unreacted chemicals are difficult to separate from the end product, which makes the process inefficient |
| how can energy requirements make profit in industry? | exothermic reactions can sustain reaction temperature as heat can be conserved or recycled
use of catalyst allows reactions to be carried out at a lower temperature |
| how can energy requirements cause profit loss in industry? | endothermic reactions can be costly as energy (gas, electricity) has to be purchased)
providing a cool temperature can also be costly due to the cost of refrigeration or coolant |
| how can use of by product make profit in industry | in some cases, by products can be used in the process or sold for profit |
| how can use of by product cause profit loss in industry | some by products are toxic, corrosive or environmentally damaging
this can be costly to deal with |
| how can product yield make profit in industry | if product yield is high then this process is profitable |
| what is the formula for calculating number of moles when given mass and gfm | n=m/gfm
n is number of moles in mol
m is mass in g
gfm is gram formula mass in g |
| what is the formula for calculating the number of moles when given concentration and volume | n=cV
n is number of moles in mol
c is concentration in mol l-1
V is volume in l |
| what is the formula for molar volume | Vmol=V/n
Vmol is molar volume in l mol-1
V is volume in l
n is number of moles in mol |
| what is percentage yield used for | used to compare the yield of a product actually obtained with what could have been obtained in theory (if all of the reactants were converted with no waste) |
| what is atom economy used for | a measure of the percentage of reactant that become useful products
used more in industry than percentage yield as it tells chemists how efficient a process actually is |
