| Is defined as the variety of life present in an ecosystem | biodiversity |
| There are three different types of biodiversity: | genetic, specific, and ecological diversity. |
| refers to the variations among organisms of the same species. | Genetic biodiversity |
| These variations (genetic biodiversity) are usually passed down from: | parents to offspring |
| refers to the variety of species within a particular region: | Species diversity |
| Species diversity is influenced by the: | environmental conditions in the region |
| are the normal measure of biodiversity for these are the basic units of biological classification: | Species |
| Species are grouped together in what based on characteristics: | family |
| refers to the network of different species in an ecosystem and the interaction of these species | ecological diversity |
| are the reasons for the richness in biodiversity of a particular region on earth. | The variations of climactic and altitudinal conditions along with varied ecological habitats |
| Since what time and era, people have been using plants to treat illnesses, hence the practice of herbal medicine. | 2600 BC |
| Since 2600 BC, people have ben using plants to treat illnesses, hence the practice of: | herbal medicine |
| Cupressus sempervirens (Cypress) and Commiphora myrrha (myrrh), for instance, have been used to treat: | coughs, colds, and inflammation since the ancient times. |
| Herbal medicines were also used in: | healing rituals and in the treatment of injuries resulting from wars or accidents. |
| Various plant-based drugs such as gargles, pills, infusions, and ointments were used in what ancient times | Ancient Egypt as well as in Ancient China: |
| In what era, the Greeks recorded the collection, storage, and use of medicinal herbs. | 100 BC to 300 BC |
| During what ages, monasteries in England, Ireland, France and Germany preserved the Western knowledge of treating illnesses using herbal medicine. | During the Dark and Middle ages |
| During the Dark and Middle ages, monasteries in what countries preserved the Western knowledge of treating illnesses using herbal medicine | England, Ireland, France, and Germany |
| Was an herbal plant used by Indian tribes of Southern California to aid in childbirth and was believed to protect the immune system from respiratory ailments. | Salvia apiana (California sage) |
| What herbal medicine for example, secretes a sweet and gummy substance from its stems and leaves called manna during hot days. | Alhagi maurorum (camel thorn) |
| Is a sweet and gummy (substance) secretion from the stems and leaves of camel thorn during hot days. | Manna |
| Manna from the camel thorn contains: | melezitose, and sucrose, an invert sugar. |
| Melezitose and sucrose from manna is believed to have what properties: | diuretic, diaphoretic, laxative, expectorant, gastroprotective, antiseptic, and anti-diarrheal properties. |
| were known to use the roots of the plant to treat diarrhea. | Israelis |
| What people smoked the plant to treat asthma, and who used the plant to treat nasal polyps. | The Konkani people smoked the plant to treat asthma, and Romans used the plant to treat nasal polyps. |
| What plant is believed to treat hysterical and uterine disorders. | The plant Ligusticum scoticum (Sottish lovage) |
| The seeds of the plant Ligusticum scoticum (Scottish lovage) are used to: | relieve flatulence and to stimulate the senses |
| Many medicinal products available in the market today are derived from: | natural substances from plants. |
| Salicylic acid, the active ingredient of the anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin, for example, is derived from the: | bark of a willow tree |
| Morphine, one of the most widely known painkillers which was first marketed and used in the 1800s, is derived from: | Papaver somniferum commonly known as opium poppy. |
| Digoxins, used in the management of congestive heart failure, is derived from: | Digitalis purpurea (foxglove) which has already been used to treat heart conditions since the 1700s |
| New antibiotics from microorganisms and bioactive natural products continued to be discovered after: | penicillin underwent its first clinical trials in 1938 and the first indication of antibiotic resistance to penicillin was reported in 1941. |
| What led to the discovery of novel antibiotic structural classes (i.e., norcardicins, carbapenems, and monobactams). | the production of bacterial strains supersensitive to B-lactams, tests for the inhibition of B-lactamases, and specificity for sulfur-containing metabolites in the 1970s. |
| What have been widely used in the production of many important medicinal products today:
(based on the book) | Fungi and microorganisms found in trees, grasses, algae, and herbaceous plants, and living in the intercellular spaces of plant stems, petioles, root, and leaves |
| In what year and what was used and approved for the treatment of dry mouth (xerostomia). | In 1994, an oral formulation of Pilocarpine |
| In 1998, another drug was approved to manage an autoimmune disease that damages the salivary and lacrimal glands called: | Sjogren's syndrome |
| In 2004, what was approved to treat malaria: | the drug quinine isolated from the bark of Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Kotzsch. |
| Is a basic need for human survival | Food |
| During what age, humans relied only on hunting and foraging to get food. | During the stone age |
| Humans depended on what at the stone age: | on what the exosystem courld readily provide them. |
| Food: As the Earth's population grew, what also increased: | the demand for food increased |
| About how many of the leading global crops need birds and insects as pollinators: | about 39 of the leading 57 global crops |
| is the result of careful selection and innovative developments by farmers, fishers, and herders throughout the years. | Agrobiodiversity |
| What full under agrobiodiversity: | harvested crop varieties and non-harvested species in the environment that support ecosystems for food production |
| Throughout history, agriculture and cultivation evolved from picking desirable crops and breeding animals to: | maintaining stable supply of food to last for long periods of time as preparation for the changing seasons and the possibility of natural disasters. |
| Food: What also resulted in the development of more lands for agriculture | The increasing demand for food as the world population grew |
| Humans rely on what to do the necessary activities in order to survive. | energy provided by ecosystems |
| Energy: In the Stone Age, what was used mainly for survival against harsh cold environments, for cooking, and for communication with nearby tribes in the form of smoke. | Heat energy from fire |
| Energy: In what age, heat energy from fire was used mainly for survival against harsh cold environments, for cooking, and for communication with nearby tribes in the form of smoke. | Stone age |
| Energy: In 1000 BC, what as a source of energy was used by people in northeastern Chine for heating and cooking
It eventually became popular in other civilizations, such as the Romans and Northern Native Americans. | coal |
| Energy: Coal eventually became popular in other civilizations such as: | the Romans and Northern Native Americans |
| Energy: In 400 BC, what was used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans and for irrigation. | water energy or hydro power |
| Energy: Water energy or hydro power was used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for irrigation in: | 400 BC |
| Energy: In 347 AD, the earliest known oil wells were developed in: | China |
| Energy: The earliest known oil wells were developed in China in: | 347 AD |
| Energy: In 347 AD, what were developed in China: | the earliest known oil wells |
| Energy: Chine in developing the earliest known oil wells made use of ??? for lighting and heating. | extensive bamboo pipelines with depths of 800 feet for lighting and heating. |
| Energy: In 500 to 900 AD, The Persians started to use: | wind-powered grain mills and water pumps. |
| Energy: In 500 to 900 AD, who started to use wind-powered grain mills and watered pumps: | Persians |
| Energy: In what AD, Persians started to use wind-powered grain mills and watered pumps: | 500 to 900 AD |
| Energy: By 1300, windmills, taking the modern pinwheel shape, were developed in: | Western Europe |
| Energy: windmills taking the modern pinwheel shape was developed in Western Europe in what year: | 1300 |
| Energy: In 1300, windmills taking what shape was developed in Western Europe: | modern pinwheel shape |
| Energy: In 1390, the Dutch built larger windmills for: | draining lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta. |
| Energy: In 1390, the Dutch built larger windmills for draining lakes and marshes in the: | Rhine River Delta |
| Energy: In 1390, The Dutch built ??? for draining lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta: | larger windmills (than one developed in Western Europe, one with the modern pinwheel shape) |
| Energy: In 1390, who built larger windmills for draining lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta. | The Dutch |
| Energy: The Dutch built larger windmills for draining lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta in what year: | 1390 |
| Energy: What was also used to navigate through bodies of water: | Wind energy |
| Energy: During the 1700s to 1800s, at the time of the Industrial Revolution, what as a primary source of energy was replaced with coal | biomass |
| Energy: Biomass as a primary source of energy was replaced with coal in what time: | During the 1700s to 1800s, at the time of the Industrial Revolution |
| Energy: The British discovered that by burning, coal is transformed into:
A fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities. | hot-burning coke |
| Energy: What is a hot-burning coke: | is a fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities transformed from coal by burning |
| Energy: In 1820's, what was used as a source of light although the lack of pipeline infrastructure made its distribution challenging. | Natural gas |
| Energy: Natural gas was used as a source of light although the lack of pipeline infrastructure made its distribution challenging in what year: | 1820s |
| Energy: In 1830s, what was developed based on Michael Faraday's discovery of electromagnetism: | electric generator |
| Energy: The electric generator was developed based on Michael Faraday's discovery of electromagnetism in what year: | 1830s |
| Energy: In 1830s, the electric generator was developed based on: | Michael Faraday's discovery of electromagnetism |
| Energy: In 1850s, what was drilled which led to the distillation of the first solar powered system for industrial machinery. | commercial oil |
| Energy: Commercial oil was drilled which led to the distillation of the first solar powered system for industrial machinery in what year: | 1850s |
| Energy: In 1860s, who developed the first solar powered system for industrial machinery: | Augustine Mouchot |
| Energy: Augustine Mouchot developed the first solar powered system for industrial machinery in what year: | 1860s |
| Energy: Geothermal energy was first used in: | 1892 |
| Energy: The first nuclear fission reactor was designed and built in: | 1942 |
| Energy: The effects on the environment and the risk of potential accidents when using energy alarmed many environmental organizations as early as: | 1973 |
| Energy: In 1979, a nuclear reactor accident happened at: | Three Mile Island near Middletown, Pennsylvania |
| Energy: A nuclear reactor accident happened at Three Mile Island near Middletown, Pennsylvania in what year: | 1979 |
| Energy: At the end of 1980, the biggest oil spill occured in: | the US waters, the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska |
| Energy: The biggest oil spill in the US waters, the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska occurred at: | the end 1980 |
| Energy: In the 2000s, a number of catastrophic events transpired e.g.: | the coal ash spill in Tennessee, oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and the Fukushima nuclear crisis in Japan. |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: The earliest recorded civilizations were situated: | near rives or lakes which made their livelihoods dependent on water. |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: With increasing demand for potable and drinkable along with the discovery of groundwater 2 000 years ago, what began to be used in the Middle East: | wells |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: water from what were also used in irrigation: | rivers and lakes |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: To cope with the adverse effects of the changing tides, what were utilized to prevent flooding in nearby communities that usually result in damaged crops. | floodways |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: What were invented and built by the Romans and the Greeks, to maintain stable water supplies to communities that were far from bodies of water. | aqueducts |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: Then, in the late 19th century, with the increasing demand for potable water and irrigation of crops, what were built to maintain water supply in communities. | dams |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: What provide natural filtration and storage systems to provide freshwater: | Forests |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: Forests provide natural filtration and storage systems to provide: | freshwater |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: What create conditions that promote the infiltration of rainwater into the soil to fill up the aquifer systems with groundwater | The roots and leaves of trees |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: The roots and leaves of trees create conditions that promote the infiltration of rainwater into the soil to fill up the aquifer systems with groundwater, while what occurs allowing the movement of surface water into rivers and lakes. | percolation |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: Also play a major role in the water cycle by affecting rates of transpiration and evaporation and water storage in watersheds. | Forests |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: Is mostly known for its adverse effects but it also has some benefits.
In the context of agriculture, it can help farmers for it distributes nutrients that particular patches of soil lacked. | Flooding |
| Water Storage and Flood Control: In the context of agriculture, flooding can help farmers for: | Flooding distributes nutrients that particular patches of soil lacked. |
| Air and water treatment: Some of the gases considered as criteria pollutants like:,
in moderate amounts, contribute to a healthy ecosystem and balanced biodiversity. | NOx and O3 |
| Air and water treatment: The capacity of the environment to clean itself and to be resilient is diminished due to: | excessive concentrations of these gases. |
| Air and water treatment: Excessive nitrogen stimulates the growth of: | nitrogen-loving plant species but reduces the occurrence of plant species adapted to low-nitrogen environment. |
| Air and water treatment: reduces the resilience of forests to other environmental stresses such as drought, frost, pests, and diseases. | Nitrogen |
| Air and water treatment: From what years, there was an extensive vegetation damage around the world due to ozone. | 1990 to 2006 |
| Air and water treatment: From 1990 to 2006, there was an extensive: | vegetation damage around the world due to ozone. |
| True or False: Air and water treatment: Ozone is good. | Ozone can be good or bad, depending on where it is found-- the earth's upper atmosphere or at ground level. |
| Air and water treatment: Ozone found at ground level is known as: | bad ozone |
| Air and water treatment: Bad ozone are ozone found at: | ground level |
| Air and water treatment: Bad ozone or ozone found at ground level are created by: | chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds under the presence of sunlight. |
| Air and water treatment: High levels of ground level ozone promote: | early flowering, affecting the synchronization of pollinators and flowers. |
| Air and water treatment: Ground level ozone also damages: | the leaves of salad crops, consequently reducing their market value. |
| Air and water treatment: In what year, ozone pollution reduced wheat yield by 14 percent and the tomato yield by 9 percent which created a domino effect in the overall production and consumption of goods. | 2000 |
| Air and water treatment: In 2000, ozone pollution reduced wheat yield by:
and the tomato yield by:
which created a: | reduced wheat yield by 14 percent,
reduced tomato yield by 9 percent,
domino effect in the overall production and consumption of goods. |
| Air and water treatment: Negative impacts on vegetation reduce the: | sink capacity for carbon dioxide and ozone, enhancing their atmospheric concentrations and affecting the global water cycle. |
| Air and water treatment: what store air pollutants temporarily that affect water purification. | Soils |
| Air and water treatment: What does soils store temporarily that affect water purification. | air pollutants |
| Air and water treatment: Stored pollutants have adverse effects on: | soil functioning (e.g., microbes and invertebrates) and create problems when the retention capacity of soil is reached or disturbed. |
| Air and water treatment: What have adverse effects on soil functioning (e.g., microbes and invertebrates) and create problems when the retention capacity of soil is reached or disturbed. | Stored pollutants |
| Protocols on biodiversity: There is a need to enhance the implementation of regulations and worldwide protocols, such as the: | Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol |
| Protocols on biodiversity: What aims to ensure the safe transport, handling, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biodiversity. | The Cartagena Protocol among ten Pacific countries, namely, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua new Guinea, Samoa, The Solomon Islands, and Tonga |
| Protocols on biodiversity: The Cartagena Protocol among ten Pacific countries namely: | Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, The Solomon Islands, and Tonga |
| Protocols on biodiversity: The Cartagena Protocol was adopted in:
and was enforced in: | adopted in January 29, 2000
enforced in September 11, 2003 |
| The Cartagena Protocol is linked to the:,
which helps to protect Pacific communities and biodiversity from the consequences of living modified organisms. | Convention on Biological Diversity |
