| What is the aerobic respiration equation | Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + 38 ATP |
| What is the ATP used for? | Muscle contraction
Active transport
Cell division
LIR conversion of GP TP RuBP
Metabolism (condensation/hydrolysis reactions)
Phosphorylating molecules to make them more reactive |
| What is anaerobic respiration equation | Glucose Lactic acid + 2ATP |
| What is the effect of lactic acid? | Muscles are made up of protein;
Lactic acid denatures muscle protein;
Changing the tertiary structure;
Affects muscle contraction (causes fatigue) |
| What is the 4 stages of respiration and where does it occur? | 1. Glycolysis (aerobic and anaerobic) occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm.
2. Link reaction – occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
3. Krebs cycle – occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
4. Oxidative phosphorylation – occurs in the mitochondrial cristae |
| Glycolysis in full | 1)Glucose is phosphorylated (using 2 ATP) to produce glucose phosphate
-ATP hydrolase breaks down ATP to ADP and phosphate (Pi).
-The phosphate is added to glucose to make it more reactive.
2) Glucose phosphate splits two form 2 molecules of triose phosphate.
- glucose is a 6 carbon sugar and triose phosphate is a 3 carbon sugar.
3) Redox reactions occur.
-Triose phosphate is oxidised (loses hydrogen) to form pyruvate.
-NAD (co-enzyme) is reduced (gains hydrogen)
4) ATP is made by substrate level phosphorylation.
The redox reactions release sufficient energy for the immediate formation of 4 ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) |
| Glycolysis trigger words | Reactive
split
redox
atp |
| Link reaction in full | 1. Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate
a. CO2 is removed from pyruvate (decarboxylation)
b. Redox reactions occur -Pyruvate is oxidised (loses hydrogen) -NAD is reduced (gains hydrogen)
2. Link reaction takes place Coenzyme A combines with acetate to produce acetylcoenzyme A (Acetyl CoA |
| Link reaction in trigger words | CO2
REDOX
ACETYL COA |
| Krebs cycle | 6C- CO2 released , NADH2 reduced
5C- co2 released ,NADH2, ATP produced
4C- FADH2 and NADH2 reduced |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | The reduced NAD/FAD release hudrogen (to become oxidised).
Hydrogen is split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-).
The electrons are transferred along the ETC in a series of redox reactions and energy is released.
The energy is used to pump the protons (H+) from the matix, across the crista membrane into the intermembrane space.
This causes an increase in H+ concentration in the intermembrane space, forming an electrochemical gradient (a concentration gradient of ions).
The protons diffuse through and activate the ATP synthase protein.
ATP synthase phosphorylates many ADP to form many ATP.
At the end of the ETC, oxygen combines with the electrons and the protons to form water (oxygen has been reduced). Oxygen is known as the final electron acceptor. |
| What is anaerobic respiration in animals | Pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid
NADH2 from glycolysis loses hydrogen and are transferred to pyruvate.
This allows (oxidised) NAD to be produced
NAD is reused in glycolysis. This allows glycolysis to occur continuously, producing ATP continuously. |
| What is anerobic r in plants different to animals | pyruvate is reduced to form ethanal and co2 is released
ethanal is converted into ethanol by reducing ethanal by NADH2 to Nad |
