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level: level 3

Questions and Answers List

level questions: level 3

Question	Answer
THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF BIOLOGICS FOR ACTIVE IMMUNITY	1 Bacterial Vaccines 2 Viral Vaccines 3 Cancer Vaccines 4 Toxoids
Originally, organisms are grown in a __ medium in a controlled environment of temperature, pH, and oxygen tension.	suitable broth
Cell culture two steps	Step 1: If the vaccine is to be inactivated, the organisms are treated with phenol or formaldehyde. (Heat and phenol or heat and acetone are employed for typhoid fever vaccine). Step 2: Next, the organisms are separated from the medium through centrifugation and suspended in sterile water or 0.9% sodium chloride for injection.
A live attenuated vaccine can also be produced by __ of the pathogenic organisms. This allows the organism to survive and multiply but not produce the disease.	genetic alteration
produced with the use of recombinant DNA. With subunit vaccines, the genes that code for the desired antigen are introduced into the nonpathogenic organisms. (Ex. Hepa B vaccine)	purified antigen subunits
have had limited clinical utility because of the inability to produce a sufficient, specific immune response.	Subunit vaccines
The final vaccine may contain __ to promote immunity against the same disease.	1 one single immunogen (monovalent) or 2 multiple immunogens (polyvalent, trivalent)
The strength of a bacterial vaccine may be expressed as:	total number of organisms total protective units per milliliter or dose micrograms of immunogen in each milliliter or in each dose of vaccine.
Viruses cannot be grown on inanimate media employed to grow bacteria and thus, are propagated on one of several types of __	Animate Media ex. Embryonic egg Cell cultures of chick embryo Human diploid cell culture Monkey cell culture Skin of living calves Intact mice
After the growth of the culture, various techniques are employed to separate the virus from the host cell. __ are taken to reduce incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to animate media or host cells.	Purification steps
The final viral product may contain a __ to elicit immunity against the same disease.	single immunogen (monovalent) or multiple immunogens (polyvalent)
A viral vaccine may remain as the __ or be further chemically processed to split into a __	whole virion, subvirion vaccine
To prolong stimulation of antibodies, the virion may be adsorbed onto __, as is the case with rabies vaccine (adsorbed	aluminum phosphate
Typically, viral vaccines are available as __ products that required reconstitution prior to administration with the provided diluent.	lyophilized (freeze-dried)
The strength of viral vaccines can be provided in:	tissue culture infection doses, the quantity of virus estimated to infect 50% of inoculated cultures Micrograms of immunogen International units D-antigen units Plaque-forming units for yellow fever vaccine