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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
These forms are small-volume & large-volume injectable preparations irrigation fluids - intended to bathe body wounds or surgical openings, and dialysis solutions.	Sterile dosage forms
is essential because they are placed in direct contact with the internal body fluids or tissues, where infection can easily arise.	Sterility
sterile, pyrogen-free preparations intended to be administered parenterally.	Injections
- injectable routes of administration. - packaged in hermetic containers - derived from the Greek words PARA (outside) and ENTERON (intestine) ADDITIVES: buffer, stabilizer, antibacterial preservative, antioxidant	Parenteral
fever-producing organic substances arising from microbial contamination - febrile reactions in patients following IV injections	Pyrogens/ bacterial endotoxin
Intravenous drugs ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE	1 Rapid action 2 Optimum blood levels achieved with accuracy and immediacy 3 Lifesaving in emergencies, prompt action DISADVANTAGE 1 once administered it cannot be retrieved 2 drug cannot be easily removed from the circulation in adverse drug reaction
Intravenous drugs Part selected:	Part selected: 1 Superficial veins (venipuncture) 2 Basilic and cephalic veins (back of hand and dorsal forearm)- best peripheral veins > IV therapy 3 Veins of the antecubital area - NOT PREFERRED> EXTRAVASATION
- MAIN HAZARD of Intravenous infusion - induced by intravenous needles/catheters touching the wall of the vein and the possibility of particulate matter in parenteral solutions.	Thrombus and embolus formation
- blood clot within the blood vessel or heart - slowing of the circulation or an alteration of the blood or vessel wall.	Thrombus
- clot circulates carried by the blood stream → blood vessel (obstruction and results in a block or occlusion - embolism)	Embolus
- adjusted according to the needs of patient - expressed in mL/hour and range from 42 to 150 mL/hour.	Infusion or flow rate for intravenous fluids
- in aqueous solution - must mix with the circulating blood and not precipitate from solution: lead to pulmonary microcapillary occlusion and blockage of blood flow.	Intravenous drugs
source of calories and essential fatty acids for patients requiring parenteral nutrition for extended periods (e.g., Intralipid, 20%, 30%, Baxter; Liposyn II, 10%, 20%, Hospira; Liposyn III, 10% to 30%, Hospira)	Intravenous fat emulsions
- controls pain (surgical procedures, labor, sickle cell crisis, and cancer), with less side effects - minimizes variations bet. suboptimal pain relief & overuse of opioids - Gives the patient the ability to control the pain	Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
A device that has a syringe of pain medicine connected to a patient's intravenous line	PCA pump
Patient-controlled Analgesia ADVANTAGE	1 provides constant & uniform analgesia 2 better pain control with less Side Effects 3 permits patients to medicate themselves for breakthrough pain 4 prevents pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between patients from interfering with the effectiveness of analgesia