| What did further studies show that patients with anterograde amnesia preserved what types of non-declarative memories? | Intact classical and operant conditioning.
Intact priming effects.
Normal habituation and sensitisation. |
| What are the two types of long-term memory (LTM)? | 1. Declarative memory (explicit)
2. Non-declarative memory (implicit) |
| What is declarative memory? | "knowing what, why where & when".
Facts, events, locations, autobiographical knowledge.
Personally experienced events.
Hippocampal-dependent (medial temporal lobes (MTL)). |
| What is non-declarative memory? | "Knowing how".
Motor skills (e.g. riding a bike).
Cognitive skills (e.g. reading).
Non-hippocampal dependent. |
| What did Endel Tulvig propose? | Declarative memory can be sub-divided into to episodic and semantic memory systems. |
| What is episodic memory? | Knowledge of personally experienced events.
When/where memories (temporally dated & spatially located).
Contextualised memory.
"Mental time travel". |
| What is semantic memory? | General knowledge of facts about the world and yourself.
What/why memories.
Abstract knowledge. |
| How is declarative memory is revealed? | Explicit memory tests. |
| How is non-declarative memory tested? | Implicit memory tests.
Tests do not require description of contents of the memory, but rather reveal memory processes indirectly (implicitly) through observed changes in performance.
E.g. gradual perfection of a motor skill. |
| What are the subdivisions of non-declarative memory? | 1. Procedural memory
2. Priming
3. Classical conditioning (associative learning)
4. Operant conditioning (associative learning)
5. Non-associative learning (habituation and sensitisation) |
| What is procedural memory? | Learning and performance of motor and cognitive skills. |
| What is priming? | Change in ability (improvement) as a result of prior exposure to that stimulus, or a related stimulus. |
| What are the two types of priming? | 1. Repetition priming - prior exposure to a word
2. Associative/semantic priming - prior presentation of a related work |
| What type of priming is the following:
Prior presentation of the word “nurse” facilitates subsequent identification of the word “doctor”. | Associative/semantic priming. |
| What is the following an example of:
Learning to attend to a neutral stimulus because it has become associated with a meaningful stimulus. | Classical conditioning |
| What is the following an example of:
Learning to produce/avoid a behaviour because it has become associated with rewarding/punishing consequences | Operant conditioning |
| What is the following an example of:
Learning to ignore a stimulus because it is trivial (e.g., screening out background noise) | Habituation |
| What is the following an example of:
Learning to attend to a potentially threatening stimulus | Sensitisation |
| What is amnesia? | Deficits in memory caused by brain damage, disease, drug abuse, or psychological trauma. |
| What are the two forms of amnesia? | 1. Retrograde amnesia
2. Anterograde amnesia |
| What is retrograde amnesia? | Inability to remember knowledge before the brain injury.
Usually temporally graded. |
| What is anterograde amnesia? | Inability to recall anything since the time of the brain injury.
Inability to learn new information. |
| Which psychologists studied amnesia? | Scoville and Milner (1957). |
| What is the temporal gradient on retrograde amnesia? | Oldest (lifetime) memories are less susceptible to amnesia.
Only the memories most recently acquired before the illness/accident are affected. |
| What is the effect of bilateral removal of the hippocampus? What does this indicate? | Severe anterograde amnesia. Indicated that these structures must be crucial for the consolidation of new declarative information. |
| What is the hippocampus crucial for? | Retrieval of consolidated episodic memories, but not for semantic memories. |
| What is procedural learning? | Learning a new motor skill |
| Patients suffering from amnesia can show very selective memory deficits. What does this provide evidence for/support? | Dissociations between memory systems:
Between short-term and long-term memory.
Between declarative and non-declarative memory.
Between semantic and episodic memory systems. |
| What did H.M experience? | Could not recall events of his life up to a year prior to the surgery.
Could not learn new knowledge.
Could learn the mirror tracing track. |
| What did further studies show that patients with anterograde amnesia preserved what types of non-declarative memories? | Intact classical and operant conditioning.
Intact priming effects.
Normal habituation and sensitisation. |
