| What is a cognitive map? | A mental representation of the spatial characteristics of a familiar environment. |
| What did Tolman (1948) study? | Studied rats completing maze-running experiments.
Test the idea that rats develop 'spatial maps' of their environment, rather than a series of chained responses. |
| What idea did Tolman demonstrate? | Learning could occur in the absence of rewards and punishments (latent learning).
Rewards affect whether the learned behaviour will be demonstrated, not whether learning has occurred. |
| What is another name for latent learning? | "Hidden" learning |
| What is observational learning a demonstration of? | Learning can occur indirectly, without direct reinforcement or punishment. Can take place "socially" and "vicariously" through observing others ("models"). |
| Who is the psychologist most associated with the study of observational learning? | Albert Bandura - interested in demonstrated latent learning. |
| How does observational learning take place? | Active judgement and constructive processes (i.e. involves cognitive processes of mental representation). |
| What did Bandura's study demonstrate? | Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment:
Learning can occur socially through observation, in the absence of directly experienced consequences.
Perfect is influenced by mental representations (expectations) based on observed consequences. |
