| is a thin deposit, which may form shortly after eruption on the exposed surface of teeth | pellicle |
| A pellicle is composed of | mucoproteins or glycoproteins |
| Pigmented deposits on the tooth surface | dental stains |
| types of dental stains | extrinsic stains |
| PREDISPOSING FACTORS OF EXTRINSIC STAINS | Enamel defects, salivary dysfunction, poor oral hygiene, microscopic pits and fissures |
| STAINS: Thin, translucent, acquired bacteria free pigment pellicle | brown stain |
| STAINS: tenacious stain with colored discoloration | black stain |
| STAINS: thin colored line firmly attached on tooth surface | black stain |
| STAINS: stain with considerable thicknessl stained remnant of enamel cuticle | green stain |
| STAINS:cause permanent stain | metallic stain |
| STAINS: not permanent; removed with proper brushing and dentrifice | yellowish brown stain |
| STAINS:extrinsic stain ledt after chewing leaves of betel palm | red-black stain |
| The pellicle may be exposed to a variety of denaturing agents under normal conditions like tannic acid that is a natural constituent of various fruit, wines, tea and coffee. | Chemical transformation of pellicle (ES) |
| Undisturbed adsorption and apposition of glycoproteins forming an extraordinarily thick "consolidated" pellicle may also increase the possibilities for extrinsic discoloration. | Chemical transformation of pellicle (ES) |
| It occurs by food substance having a strong coloring characteristic like tea, coffee, berries etc. | Direct staining by food (ES) |
| It has multifactorial etiology with chromogen derived from dietary sources or those that are habitually placed in the mouth. | direct stains |
| These stains are caused by chemical interaction at the tooth surface by cationic antiseptics and metal salts | indirect stains |
| These agents are colorless or different color from the stain they produce on the surface of the teeth | indirect stains |
| Are absorbed onto the tooth surface deposits such as plaque or acquire pellicle | non metallic stains |
| Location of extrinsic stains: brown stain | buccal of mx m; lingual of mn I |
| Location of extrinsic stains: black stain | all teeth; p&f |
| Location of extrinsic stains: orange | facial and lingual; A |
| Location of extrinsic stains: green stain | facial; mx A |
| Location of extrinsic stains: metallic | all |
| Location of extrinsic stains: yellowish brown | cervical, interproximal of all; plaque, restorations; dorsum of tongue |
| Location of extrinsic stains: red-black | facial, lingual, occlusal; all |
| example of localized stain (I); Caused by trauma to the tooth during development, nutritional deficiency like vitamins C and D, calcium and phosphate | Turner’s tooth (Enamel Hypoplasia) |
| generalized stain | cytomegalovirus, morbilli virus (measles), varicella zoster (shingles), and streptococcal infections |
| Tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is associated with Intrinsic staining. If taken, this chelates with the calcium ions on hydroxyapatite crystals forming a stable | orthophosphate complex |
| this is a chalky white enamel that lacks the typical luster of enamel alternating with areas of yellow-brown discoloration. This is caused by an excess quantity of fluoride in the drinking water. Severe effects are routinely found when the fluoride levels exceed 5 parts of fluoride per million parts of water. | dental fluorosis |
| The major cause of discoloration of non-infected traumatized teeth is the accumulation of the_________. it has been shown that the pinkish hue seen initially after trauma will be converted to grayish dark if the tooth left untreated. | hemoglobin molecule |
| dental materials that stain dentin | Eugenol, phenolic and polyantibiotic based materials |
| The most common restorative stains which a dentist comes across in his life are amalgam stains that appear as a bluish tinge around the restoration. Which is called an | amalgam tattoo |
| is seen as a slate-gray to blue-black, non-elevated discoloration that is usually irregular in shape and variable in size. | amalgam tattoo |
| It results from the entrapment of amalgam (the silver metal found in amalgam) in a lacerated mucosa, such as an extraction socket or a gingival abrasion from a rotating bur | amalgam tattoo |
| Amalgam tattoo most commonly occurs on the | alveolar mucosa, buccal mucosa,and gingiva |
| Calculus formation is a triphasic process | a. Cuticle or pellicle deposition b. Bacterial colonization and plaque maturation c. Mineralization |
| Are hard calcified deposits that forms and coats the teeth and the gums | Calculus |
| mineralized dental plaque | Calculus |
| Calculus is also called | odontolithiasis or tartar |
| A soft, rather greasy material which gradually hardens by deposition of mineral salts in the organic spaces until it hardens | Calculus |
| Can be yellow to dark brown or black depending upon the amount of stain present on or within the deposit | Calculus |
| Calculus (supragingival): location | above gingiva |
| Calculus (supragingival):color | whitist yellow, white |
| Calculus (supragingival): consistency | hard; claylike |
| Calculus (subgingival):location | free gingiva |
| Calculus (subgingival): consistency | Much harder, denser, less extensive, flatter, more brittle |
| Calculus (subgingival): color | darker than supragingival |
| Calculus (inorganic):75% | calcium phosphate |
| Calculus (inorganic):3% | calcium carbonate |
| Calculus (inorganic):Traces of | magnesium phosphate |
| Calculus (organic): | Polysaccharide complexes |
| Calculus (water content): | 15-25% |
| Brown stain: | tannin, intake of coffe and tea, insufficient brushing, iron, alkaptonuria |
| black stain: | Iron, manganese, Actinomyces (Bacteriodes melaninogenicus), silver, Tobacco juices iodine, coal tar combustion, |
| orange stain | Serratia Marcescens, Flavobacterium lutescens, Chromic acid fumes |
| green stain: | Copper(mouthrinse) and nickel, Aspergillus (fungi), Penicillium (fluorescent bacteria) |
| green and blue stain | copper, lead, nickel, mercury |
| bluish brown | Dentinogenesis imperfecta |
| yellowish brown | Chlorhexidine, Plaque and calculus, Tetracycline, Dental fluorosis (chalky white enamel) |
| yellow stain | dentin dysplasia, epidermolysis bullosa, Essential oil, phenolic mouth rinse, Amelogenesis imperfecta |
| golden brown | stannous fluoride, tin |
| violet to black | Potassium permanganate, manganese |
| red-blacks stain | Betel leaves and nuts |
| white, yellow, brown stain with sharp demarcation | cytomegalovirus, morbilli virus (measles), varicella zoster (shingles), and streptococcal infections |
| reddish to brown: | tobacco, Erythropoietin porphyria, Congenital erythropoietic porphyria |
| Which type of teeth deposit causes periodontitis | calculus |
| What are the 3 compositions of calcium salts | calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate |
| In which areas of the mouth is supragingival calculus seen | lingual surface of mandibular incisors and buccal surface of maxillary molars |
| This are deposits of the teeth that is easily displaced with air and water syringe | materia alba |
| True or False: Deposits with acid producing bacteria causes caries | TRUE |
| What is the most common cause of brown stains | tannin |
| Stain caused by brass instruments | green stain |
| What drug causes intrinsic staining among children | tetracycline |
| 3 metals that cause black stains | silver, manganese, iron |
