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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other. Cooperation	Mutualistic–
-blocks binding sites keeps it from being active	Neutralization-
-mechanisms that either keep pathogens out or destroy them regardless of their type	Non-specific defenses
causing developments of a tumor or tumor	ONCOGENIC
a unit made up of linked genes that is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis	OPERON
causes disease when the host's defenses are compromised and when they become established in a part of the body that is natural to them	OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN
the movement of water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane	Osmosis
cells of a chain remain partially attached and fold back, creating a side by side row of cells	palisade
- the spread of an epidemic across continents	pandemic
is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.	parasitism
partial sterilization of a substance and especially a liquid (as milk) at a temperature and for a period of exposure that destroys objectionable organisms without major chemical alteration of the substance	pasteurization-
any agent such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth that causes disease	pathogen
found in the cell walls of most bacteria, unique macromolecule composed of glycan chains cross linked with short peptide fragments	Peptidoglycan-
- A combining form meaning a thing that devours	Phage-
clear, well defined patches in the cell sheet	Plaque-
total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population	Prevalence-
common feature of spongiform encephalopathies, distinct protein fibrils deposited in brain tissue of affected animals	prions
, in contrast, lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, and have a simple cellular structure with a single circular chromosome and various plasmids.	Prokaryotes
or cryophiles (adj. cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperature	Psychrophiles
a colony of bacteria grown from the isolation of a single bacterial cell type	pure culture
The activated repressor protein binds to the operator and prevents transcription. The trp operon, involved in the synthesis	repressible operon-
primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates	reservoirs
network of connective tissue fibers (reticulum)	reticuloendothelial system
synthesizes DNA from RNA	reverse transcription-
redness	rubor
- the mechanical removal of most microbes	sanitization
An organism that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter.	saprobes
occurs when primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe	secondary infection
general state in which microbes are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers	septicemia
sequelae	long term or permanent damage to organs and tissues
the use of a single dye(color) to stain a bacterial smear	simple stain
flexible helix	Spirochete-
formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium	Sporangiospore
-bacteria that are clustered together	staph
that arrange themselves into chains	strep- bacteria
free of viable bacteria or viruses	sterlie
also known as sepsis or blood poisoning, is a serious medical condition that occurs when toxic substances, such as bacterial toxins or metabolic waste products, accumulate in the bloodstream and cause widespread damage to tissues and organs.	toxemia
l- a natural or synthetic substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae	antimicrobial
This process refers to the conversion of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.	transcription
-This process refers to the conversion of mRNA into a protein by ribosomes	translation
motile feeding stage, requires ample food and moisture to remain active	trophozoite
solid mass of tissue that forms when abnormal cells group together	tumor
being in many places at once	ubiquity
small infectious agents that depend on living cells of other organisms for replication.	virus
infections spread between animals and people	zoootic pathogen