| Types of mutations | Deletion-one or more base removed
Addition- one or bases inserted
Substitution-one or more bases swapped
Duplication-one or more bases repeated /added
Inversion-a sequence of bases is reversed
Translocation-a sequence of bases is removed and relocated |
| What types of mutation causes a frame shift | deletion, additition, duplication, translocation |
| effects of mutation on proteins structure | 1. define the type of mutation
2.change in DNA sequence
3. frame shift?
4.what codons change
5. cause mrna or trna to change
6. cause amino acid sequence to change
7, hydrogen / ionic bonds change
8. tertiary structure change ,,,, active site change so no es complex |
| How does a plasmid cause antibiotic resistance | mutation occurs , change in dna sequence , causing antibiotic resistance gene, which codes for a protien that breaks down anti biotic |
| What are acquired mutations | occur spotaneously , or by mutatic agents NOT PASSED TO OFF SPRING
E.G SKIN CANCER |
| What are hereditary mutations | mutations that are present in the gametes
pass to off spring |
| How to tumours differ from normal cells | - nucleus is larger and darker
-irregular shape
-different antigens on surface
-dont respond to regulatory processes
-divide by mitosis more frequently |
| What is benign tumour | grows slowly and does not spread far, do not invade tissues |
| what is a malignant tumour | grows quickly, spreads throughout surrounding tissue |
| what is metatstasis | a tumour that spreads to a blood stream or lympthatic system , spreads causing secondary tumours |
| What are the causes for cancer | genetics
environment
lifestyle
age |
| What do proto-oncogenes do | theycode for proteins that stimulate cell growth
if proto oncogene mutates to oncogene cells divide too quick |
| What do tumour supressor genes do | codes for proteins that inhibit cell division
when mutates inhibits function of protein so mitotis increases |
| What is the methylation of DNA | addition of methyl to DNA. regulates gene expression
when mutayes leads to growth of tumours |
| What is the role of oestrogen in breast cancer | high levels can cause breast cancer
stimulates breast cells to divide so mutations
if cells become cancerous . oestrogen causes it to grow quicker
can induce mutations |
