| What are the two substrates used to activate GLUT transporters? | IRS-2
PL3K |
| _________ comes out when glucose is *gone | Glucagon
*Actually when glucose is low |
| Glucagon is a ________ made in the ________ by _________ during __________ | Hormone
Pancreas
Alpha Cells
Hypoglycemia |
| Insulin is a ________ made in the ________ by _________ during __________ | hormone
pancreas
Beta Cells
Hyperglycemia |
| Of this list, what does insulin increase?
Glycogen Synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Lipolysis
Glucose Uptake
Glycogenolysis
Fatty Acid Synthesis | Glycogen Synthesis
Glycolysis
Glucose Uptake
Fatty Acid Synthesis |
| Of this list, what does insulin decrease?
Glycogen Synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Lipolysis
Glucose Uptake
Glycogenolysis
Fatty Acid Synthesis | gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Glycogenolysis |
| Of this list, what does glucagon increase?
Glycogen Synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Lipolysis
Glucose Uptake
Glycogenolysis
Fatty Acid Synthesis | Gluconeogenesis
lipolysis
glycogenolysis |
| Of this list, what does glucagon decrease?
Glycogen Synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Lipolysis
Glucose Uptake
Glycogenolysis
Fatty Acid Synthesis | Glycogen Synthesis
Glycolysis
Glucose Uptake
Fatty Acid Synthesis |
| Normal periods of insulin Resistance (3) | Puberty
Pregnancy
Lactation |
| What is the proposed mechanism of insulin resistance? | decrease function of insulin receptor substrates
(which causes a decrease of GLUT transporters) |
| Insulin resistance results in the blood and cells (4) | increased glucose in the blood
hyperinsulemia
increased FBG
Glucose intolerant cells |
| Which cell types are the most likely to become glucose intolerant? (2) | adipocytes
Muscle cells |
| When muscles are unable to uptake glucose, what two things cause damage to the liver? Why? | Increased FFA (body uses fat for energy instead)
-Extra FFA is processed by the liver and causes damage
Increased insulin causes liver to synthesize TAG
-this increases risk of NAFLD |
| Increased TAG causes (2) | increased VLDLs
Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia |
| Insulin resistance causes what to happen in artery walls? (2) | Vascular distress
Damaged artery walls (increased plaque formation) |
| What 3 tissue types are insulin independent? | Retina, Kidney, Nervous |
| The Polyol pathway describes how damage occurs in ___________cells | Insulin Independent |
| How to increase insulin sensitivity (physical changes—4) | Healthy body wt
Microbiome
Physical Activity
No smoking |
| How to increase insulin sensitivity (Nutrients—8) | Mg
Antioxidants
Vitamin D
Cr
Omega 3
Phytochemicals
Fiber
Zn
MAD COPs FiZz |
| What is the AI for chromium? | 25-35 mcg/d |
| Sources of Chromium (7) | Fruits
Veggies
Whole Grains
Meats
Cheese
Dark Chocolate
Cookware |
| What is the highest source of chromium? | Organ meat |
| What nutrients effect insulin metabolism? | Mg
Vit D
Ca |
| Metabolic syndrome and DM2 Similarities (2) | Insulin resistance
Central Adiposity |
| What causes metabolic syndrome? (3) | Sedentary Lifestyle
Central Adiposity
Genetic Predisposition |
| Adults ages _____-______ are when metabolic syndrome likely starts (Not sure what my notes meant by these ages but this is what I think?) | 20-39 |
| What decreases your risk of MS (2) | increasing resistant and/or aerobic exercise
Healthy body fat @ birth |
| What increases risk of MS (2) | High infant body fat
Excess CHO intake |
| Possible symptoms of MS (5)
* having at least ____ symptoms = MS diagnosis | Dyslipidemia
Elevated waistline
high FBG
Insulin resistance
Hypertension
having at least THREE symptoms = MS diagnosis |
| Hypertension can lead to (5) | CVD
Stroke
Visual Impairment
Dementia
Renal Failure |
| What is the ideal blood pressure | LESS THAN 120/80mmHg |
| Hypertension is classified as: | greater than 130-139/80-89 |
| What can effect BP (9) | Sex (testosterone)
Age
Smoking
Stress
Exercise
high Alcohol intake
central adiposity
diabetes
High blood cholesterol
SASSy CDs EHH? |
| What diet interventions can decrease blood pressure? (7) | Mg
Fruits and Veggies
Ca
K
Vit D
PUFAS
Dairy products
Many FRUITS AND VEGGIES Can Keep Diastolic Pressure Down |
| What in a diet can increase blood pressure? (4) | Na
Cl
Saturated fats
Caffeine |
| What 4 pathologies is DM2 the leading cause of | Visual Impairment
Neuropathy
Heart Disease
Kidney Failure |
| DM2 can lead to ________, ________, and __________ | NAFLD
Cancer
Sleep Apnea |
| The Sorbitol Pathway and the Sorbitol-Aldose Reductase Pathway are both synonyms for: | The Polyol Pathway |
| Sorbitol is a _________ __________ | Sugar Alcohol |
| The polyol pathway describes how DM2 can damage _______ | microvascular pathways |
| What are the two enzymes that are important in the Polyol Pathway? | AR (aldose reductase)
SDH (Sorbitol Dehydrogenase) |
| Fill in the blanks: Glucose enters a cell through GLUT transporters, and is then converted to sorbitol through the enzyme ________, then it is converted into fructose through the enzyme _______. | AR
SDH |
| Normally in the glycolytic pathway, glucose is converted into _________, however if there is excess BG, it goes through the Polyol pathway and ultimately turns into ________ | Pyruvate
Fructose |
| Fructose can be used by: (3) | Liver (energy)
PNS (schwann cells)
Lens + Retina |
| In Hyperglycemic conditions, these polyol pathway substances are increased: (4) | BG
Sorbitol
Fructose
NADH |
| In Hyperglycemic conditions, these are decreased (3) | Myo-inositol
Taurine
NADPH |
| Myo-inositol can _______ | increase insulin effectiveness |
| Taurine is a/an ________ | Antioxidant |
| NADPH converting to NADH increases _________ | A superoxide radical |
| (decrease) NAPDH reduces synthesis of: (4) | NO synthase
Insulin
Glutathione Reductase
Myo-inositol + Taurine |
| Glutathione reductase helps to synthesize ________ which is important because it can help ___________ | glutathione
recycle Vit E |
| Polyol ________ induces ________ imbalances | hyperactivity
Metabolic |
| Insulin plays a role in ________ | NO synthesis |
| As you age _______ decreases | NO |
| Nitric oxide effects (2) | Vasodilates arteries
Increases blood flow (to nerve cells) |
| What are two important roles of glutathione? | Antioxidant
Maintains Vit E + C |
| Decrease glutathione = ___________ | Oxidative stress! |
| Fructose can be metabolized into: (2) | 3DG
MGO |
| ________ by-products cause vascular damage which can be used to understand seriousness of _________ condition | AGEs
Hyperglycemia |
| 3DG and MGO both increase: _________ | advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)
(glucose coated lipids, proteins...etc.) |
| What is A and B | A) increase Sorbitol
B) Decreases NADPH |
| What is C + D | C) decrease NO
D) Decrease GSH (glutathione) |
| What is E, F, G, H, I | decrease blood flow (to nerve cells)
Decrease Myo-inositol (Decrease nerve function)
Increase ROS
Decrease Vit E + C
Decrease Taurine (antioxidant) |
