| What is turn-taking? | When the action of one person, like a primary caregiver, elicits a response from the other, like the infant.
Sustains the interaction of a mutual process. |
| What did Feldman say about the freqeuncy of reciprocity? | Increases in frequency around 3 months old as the infant and caregiver pay increasing attention to each other |
| What did Brezelton say about reciprocity and sensitivity? | Showing this sensitive reponsiveness, where the caregiver pays attantion sensitively to the infants behaviour, will lay a strong foundation for attachment to be later develop between them. |
| What is interactional synchrony? | Takes place when the infants mirror the actions or emotions of another person. In the caregiver and infant itneraction, the child will move their body or carry ou the same act as their caregiver simultaneously, in 'sync' |
| What was the aim of Meltzoff and Moore's aim? | To examine interactional synchrony in infants |
| What type of study was Meltzoff and Moore's | A controlled observation.
An independent observer, a single blind study. |
| What would the adult model do? | Displayed 1 of 3 facial expressions or hand gesture to infants as young as 2 weeks. |
| Waht did the child have at the start? | They had a dummy placed in their mouth to prevent facial response. |
| What happened after the adult model had displayed an action? | The dummy was removed, and the child's expressions were filmed.
Notes were taken of all intances of infant tounge protrusion by watcching the tape twice (intra-observer reliability) |
| What was the results of Meltztoff and Moore's study? | Clear and signficant association between the infants behaviour and the adult modle. They mirrored the expressions and gesutres. Inter-obersver reliability score were always higher than 0.92. |
| Conclusion of the study? | These findings suggest that interactional synchrony must be innate which reduced the strength of any claim that imitative behaviour is learned. |
| A strength of Meltzoff and Moore's study? | -Behaviours observed were video recorded in a lab
-High levels of control is established, like rmeoving potential distractions from the baby's line of vision.
-The videos were re-watched so that the researchers are unlikely to miss any key behaviours. Both inter and intra-obersver reliability can be established
-Babies not aware they are being observed, so no demand characteristics, enhancing the validity of findings/conclusion. |
| A strenght of Meltzoff and Moore's study? | -Practical implications from the reserach, which can applied to benefit society
-Crotwell studied interactional synchrony betwen 20 low-income mothers and their pre-school infants in comparison to a control group
-Reserachers conducted a PICT session to improve the interactional synchrony between them
-Suggests that the reserach can lead to valuable methods for developing and improving caregiver-infant relationships, espcecially in risk groups. |
| A weakness of Meltzoff and Moore's study? | -Hard to reliably interpret a baby's behaviour
-Young babies had a lack of co-ordination of their limbs and most of their body is immoble. But their mouths tend to be in constant motion
-Difficult to distinguish between general infant activity and specific imitated behaviour. Difficult to determine what is taking place from baby's POV.
-Cannot be certain that the infants were actually engaging in interactional synchrony. Might have occured by chance, hard to determine a cause and effect relationship. |
| A weakness of Meltzoff and Moore's study? | -Not been replicated by other reserachers
-Koepke failed to replicate the original findings. The researchers counterargued that this is becuase the follow-up reserach was lacking control
-Possible that individual differences have a role to place in the inconsistent evidence, since Isabella et al found more strongly attached infant-caregiver pairs has greater interactional synchrony
-Not fully understood what purpose these phenonmenon serve in childhood development, we can determine that, on balance, they are of importance. |
