| 1 Glass | Type-I Borosilicate glass
Type-II Treated sodalime glass
Type-III Regular soda-lime glass
Type-NP General purpose soda lime glass
Coloured glass |
| 2 Metals | 1 Tin
2 Iron
3 Aluminium
4 Lead |
| 3. Plastics | 1 Thermosetting resins
2 Thermoplastic resins |
| 1 Thermosetting resins | Phenolics
Urea |
| 2 Thermoplastic resins | 1 Polyethylene
2 Polypropylene
3 Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
4 Polystyrene
5 Polycarbonate
6 Polyamide (Nylon) |
| COMPOSITION OF GLASS | Sand (silicon dioxide)
Soda ash (sodium carbonate)
Limestone (calcium carbonate)
Cullet (broken glass) - aluminum, boron, potassium, magnesium, zinc, barium |
| 1 Composition of amber glass
2 Composition of yellow glass
3 Composition of blue glass
4 Composition of green glass | 1 light yellowish to deep reddish brown, carbon
and sulphur or iron and manganese dioxide
2 Compounds of cadmium and sulphur
3 Various shades of blue, cobalt oxide or
occasionally copper (cupric) oxide
4 iron oxide, manganese dioxide and chromium
dioxide |
| Type I glass: Borosilicate glass
Advantages & Disadvantages | Advantages
1 possess high hydrolytic resistance.
2 most inert type of pharmaceutical glass.
3 Has the lowest coefficient of thermal
expansion (and hence suitable for
sterilization by heat…..for ampoules and
vials).
Disadvantages:
1 It has very high glass transition temperature thus
complicated processing.
2 And therefore expensive |
| Type II glass: Treated Sodalime
Advantages | Advantages
1 Has a lower melting point than Type I
glass.
2 Thus easier to produce and
consequently cheaper.
3 High hydrolytic resistance due to
surface treatment of the glass. |
| It is used to package aqueous preparations.
It is the glass used to produce containers for eye
preparations and other dropper bottles | Type II glass: Treated Sodalime |
| general purpose is supplied for non
parenteral products, intended for oral or topical use.
Uses: For oral use and topical purpose | Type NP |
| Classes of plastics | 1 Thermoplastics
2 Thermosets |
| Capable of being shaped after
initial heating and solidifying by
cooling.
Resistant to breakage and cheap
to produce. | Thermoplastics
E.g. Polystyrene,
polyethylene and polyvinyl
chloride. |
| They need heat for processing into a permanent shape. | Thermosets
E.g. Phenolic, urea and
melamine are
representative of
thermosets. |
| Plastics uses | Used for many types of pack including;
1 rigid bottles for tablets and capsules,
2 squeezable bottles for eye drops and nasal sprays, jars,
3 flexible tubes and strip and blister packs. |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Plastics | Advantage
• Least expensive than glasses
• Ease of transportation
• No risk of breakage
• Flexible
•Light in weight
Disadvantage
• Not as chemically inert as Type -I
glass.
• Not as impermeable to gas and vapor as
glass.
• They may possess an electrostatic charge
which will attract particles. |
