| Homozygous Genotype | Same two uppercase or lowercase letters |
| Heterozygous Genotype | Different letters; one capital, one lowercase |
| What blood type is recessive | Blood Type O |
| What blood type is a Universal Receiver | Blood Type AB |
| Dominant alleles are not always _____ or ______ | advantageous or common |
| Alleles | different variations of the same gene trait represented as uppercase and lowercase letters; genotypes consist of two allele letters, one comes from and one from dad |
| Dominant alleles have ______ letters | uppercase |
| Recessive alleles have ______ letters | lowercase |
| Phenotype | how the genotype is physically expressed; the physical appearance |
| True breeding means _______ | an organism’s offspring will look like the parent due to its homozygous purebred |
| Law of Segregation | alleles separate during the formation of sex cell gametes |
| The Punnett Square | predicts outcome probability of genetic crosses |
| Genotypic ratio: | Dominant traits are displayed first, then recessive traits |
| Phentypic ratio: | description of trait |
| dihybrid cross | when two genes mix on the punnett square |
| The Punnet Square is usually: | accurate |
| Recessive genes are less likely to be: | expressed |
| Dominant genes are more likely to be: | Expressed |
| On the punnet square recessive genes can be written _____ the dominant gene | before |
| Law of Independent Assortment --- | genes can separate during the formation of sex cells gametes and do not have to be linked or inherited together |
| codominance - | both alleles are qually as dominatn so both are expressed side by side at the same time in a third phenotype |
| in codominance, the traits will be written as ____ letters with ____ letters side byside | captialized, different |
| Incomplete Dominance - | when one allele is not competely dominant over another resulting in a third mixed phenotype |
| The heterozygous phenotype is a _______ between the two homozygous phenotypes | blended mix |
| multiple alleles - | genes with more than two alleles resulting in more than just two phenotypes |
| Polygenic Traits --- | traits controlled by two or more genes resulting in many phenotypes |
| sex chromosomes --- | the sex of an individual depends on the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. A male’s sex genotype is XY while a female’s is XX. |
| autosomes --- | every other chromosome in your body besides the sex chromosomes |
| x-linked traits --- | only located on the “X” sex chromosome |
| carrier --- | a heterozygous individual carrying a hidden recessive trait who therefore remains unaffected by that trait |
| Positive (+) and negative (-) blood type is not determined by _____ | multiple alleles |
| pedigre --- | race a family’s genotypes and phenotypes and therefore autosomal or X-linked traits |
| Pedigree Key circle is: | female |
| Pedigree Key square is: | male |
| Pedigree Key shaded part means: | expressed trait |
| Pedigree Key half-shaded means: | carrier |
| Pedigree Key crossed out means: | deceased |
| First, an Unknown Pedigree Trait can be figured out by: | identifying if the trait is dominant or recessive |
| Second, an Unknown Pedigree Trait can be figured out by: | Identify whether the trait is Autosomal or X-linked |
| Male chromosome = | XY |
| Female chromosome = | XX |
| karyotypes --- | diagrams used to diagnose chromosomal disorders in humans who should normally have no more and no less than 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs |
| Gel Electrophoresis --- | allows scientists to compare & identify an individual’s DNA pattern |
| Genetic Engineering --- | manipulating the genetic material of living organisms |
| DNA Transformation --- | when a strand of DNA transforms because it has acquired and incorporated pieces of foreign DNA |
| plasmids --- | extra circular DNA in bacteria, that’s separate from its main DNA chromosome, because it contains genes that are only expressed under special conditions |
| recombinant DNA | Combining a DNA plasmid from a bacterium with a gene of interest from a different organism, to copy that gene, and produce the protein associated with it, so it can be inserted into an organism for engineering purposes. |
| The downsyndrome chromosome is identified when: | The 21st chromosome has 3 chromosomes |
| On a karyotype chart, sex can be determined by looking at the: | 23rd chromosome |
| The first organism cloned was a: | Sheep |
| What era/year was the first organism cloned in: | 90s |
| On the ____ chromosome, this chromosome gender is _______ | 23rd, male |
| On the ____ chromosome, this chromosome gender is _______ | 23rd, female |
| Additional chromosomes found in Karyotype Chromosome Pairs are: | genetic disorders |
| 46 Chromosomes with no additional chromosomes in Karyotype Chromosome Pairs are: | normal genetics |
