| Fat first goes through the ______ , then goes through the ________ before entering the ______ | digestive system
lymphatic system
blood stream |
| The first lipoprotein made is a _______ | chylomicron |
| Types of fat (4) | Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols |
| 2 main types of sterols? | Cholesterol, and Cholesteryl Ester |
| Cholesterol is amphipathic. What does this mean? | 1/2 hydrophobic, 1/2 hydrophile |
| Cholesteryl Ester is found ______ the chylomicron because it is ________ | inside
hydrophobic |
| _______cell(s) make cholesterol, only the ______ can break it down | every
liver |
| All type of fats produce 9kcal/g vs cholesterol which is _____kcal/g | 0 |
| what are the 3 types of plant sterols? | B-Sitosterol
Campesterol
Stigmasterol |
| Benefits of plant sterols (2) | displace cholesterol from micelles
decrease cholesterol absorption |
| Plant sterols are found in (4) | vegetable oils
nuts + seeds
Legumes
Some in cereal |
| Fatty acids are C-H chains stuck to a _________group | carboxylic |
| FA chains: short chain | <8 carbons |
| FA chains: medium | 8-12 carbons |
| FA chains: long | 14-18 carbons |
| FA chains:very long | 20+ carbons |
| FA must be in ______ numbers | even |
| MCT should be in donuts because ________. However there is one issue and the reason why they aren't | go directly into the portal blood through albumin
Abdominal pain |
| ______ is the most highly concentrated form of saturated fat | Coconut oil |
| Coconut oil is made of ___<insert type of fatty acid>____. The main MCT that it contains is _________. | saturated fatty acids
Lauric Acid |
| Large amounts of coconut oil can cause what? | increase of LDL levels |
| What is found in the core of lipoproteins? (4) | Non polar particles such as:
TAG/TG,
Cholesteryl Ester,
Fat-soluble vitamins,
Fat soluble material |
| What is found on the surface of lipoproteins (3) | Polar components:
mono-phospholipid layer
free cholesterol
apolipoproteins |
| What are the types of lipoproteins? (5) | Chylomicrons
VLDL
IDL
LDL
HDL |
| list the types of lipoproteins from biggest to smallest | Chylomicrons
VLDL
IDL
LDL
HDL |
| Where do chylomicrons come from? | small intestinal cells |
| Where do VLDL-->HDL come from? | Liver |
| HDL can come from 2 places: | Liver
Small intestinal cells |
| What does lipoprotein lipase do? (3) | Binds to lipoproteins, releases contents, and allows fat to enter cells |
| What are the three types of lipoprotein lipase? | lipoprotein lipase
hepatic triglyceride lipase
endothelial lipase |
| The various proportions of lipids found in ______ reflect diet | chylomicrons |
| The most common fatty acid found in a diet is? | triglycerides (TAG) |
| Insulin can ______ uptake of FFA by stimulating _____ | Increase
lipoprotein lipase |
| Insulin speeds up the process of converting _______ to ______ | glucose
Fatty Acids |
| After Chylomicrons release all of the TAG, they go to ________ | the liver |
| Excess Chylomicron remnants increase the risk of: (4) | Insulin Resistance
Metabolic Syndrome
DM 2
Post prandial hypertriglyceridemia |
| Diet intervention to decrease/eliminate Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia (6) | Fiber
Polyphenols
Plant sterols
Omega 3 & 6
Increase MCTs
Decrease Western Diet |
| The Western diet is high in (4) | processed meats
high fat dairy
sodium
refined sugars and grains |
| The western diet is low in: (6) | Ca
K
Fruits
Veggies
Whole Grains
Fish |
| Excess CM remnants can cause damage such as (4) | Systemic Inflammation
Platelet cohesion/coagulation
Smooth muscle cells
Adhesion of monocytes to artery walls |
| VLDL comes from: (3) | Preformed lipids
Non-lipid precursors
FFA bound to Albumin |
| LDL have high amounts of ______ and low amounts of ______ compared to other lipoproteins | cholesterol
TAG |
| Where are LDL receptors found? (3) | smooth muscle
liver
epithelial in GI tract |
| What are the 3 possible actions LDL can take? | Be taken up by a cell
Be destroyed by macrophages
Fuse with Lysosome |
| What can decrease LDL receptors? (2) | Increased central Adiposity
Increase of SFA and TFA in the diet |
| What can increase LDL receptors? (2) | Soluble fiber
phytosterols |
| HDL functions (4) | reverse cholesterol transport
Decrease blood clots
heal endothelium
anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties |
| How to increase HDLS (7) | No smoking
Omega-3
Fiber
Moderate SFA
Estrogen
Moderate alcohol intake
Exercise
FON MEMEs |
| Atherogenic Lipid Triad is caused by (5) | High serum TG
Low HDL levels
small HDL size
High LDL levels
Small LDL size |
| Different types of adipose tissue and purpose (3) | White (storage, adipokine secretion)
Brown (active;heat)
Beige (White--> brown) |
| ________ WAT has a high incidence of ________ | visceral
metabolic disorders |
| Where is subcutaneous fat found? | under skin |
| Where is visceral fat found? | kidneys, Intestines, Heart |
| Fat distribution differs due to these three factors | age
genetics
sex |
| What is Android and Gynoid Obesity? | Android: male
Gynoid: Female (butt + hips) |
| How is it stored: Glucose | Glycogen
Liver and muscles |
| How is it stored: protein | protein
muscle and organs |
| Functions of fat (4) | Energy storage
Insulation/protection
Absorption (vitamins)
Structural component of cells (phospholipids) |
| Endocrine functions of fat (2) | Creates Cytokines and Adipokine hormones |
| What are adipokines? | protein structure (hormones) that are either pro or anti inflammatory |
| What is the purpose of adipokines? | Communication within adipose tissue and to other organs |
| What are the 6 types of adipokines | Resistin
Omentin-1
Gaspin
Visfatin
Leptin
Adiponectin
RESISTING an OMEN, GASPING VISFATIN LEFT and took ADIP |
| Leptin is a hormone that ______ | helps you feel satiety |
| Describe the Leptin Resistance and weight loss cycle | 1) Secreted directly in proportion to fat mass
2)Lose fat rapidly = leptin decreases rapidly
3) increases appetite |
| Leptin can effect appetite as well as ________ and _________ | Energy expenditure
reproductivity |
| Leptin targets these organs (6) | Bones
Pancreas
Muscle
Reproductive organs
Vascular system
Kidney
Best Pals Must React Very Kindly |
| Leptin's immune system functions (4) | Activate Macrophages + Dendritic Cells
Chemotaxis
TH1 activation
TH2 inhibition
CATT |
| Adiponectin relationship with weight? | increase adiponectin = decrease weight |
| Adiponectin functions (4) | increase insulin sensitivity and b oxidation
decrease TNF-a and Macrophages- - -> foam cells |
| Resistin is produced by ________ and __________ | Adipocytes and macrophages |
| Increase of resistin in the body can cause: (5) | central adiposity
glucose intolerance
chronic inflammation
endothelial dysfunction
Increase macrophage recruitment |
| Omentin-1 functions (4) | decrease central adiposity
decrease macrophage recruitment
decrease TNF-a activity
Increase insulin sensitivity |
| Visfatin functions (2) | maturation + polarization of macrophages |
| Vaspin functions (2) | Inhibits ROS generation
increases insulin sensitivity |
| Dysfunctional adipocytes increase all of these pro inflammatory adipocytes (3) | Leptin
Resistin
Visfatin |
| Dysfunctional adipocytes decrease all of these anti inflammatory adipocytes (3) | Adiponectin
Omentin
Vaspin |
| Which interleukins are anti-inflammatory and increase insulin sensitivity? (3) | IL-4
IL-10
IL-13 |
| Which Interleukin induces macrophages - -> M2 | IL-4 |
| Which interleukins are proinflammatory (4) | IL-6
TNF-a
IL-1B
IFN-Y |
| Which interleukins increase insulin resistance? (2) | IL-6, TNF-a |
| Which interleukins recruit more macrophages? (3) | IL-6, MCP-1, IFN-Y |
| TNF-a increases ______ and _______ | ROS
FFA release |
| IFN-y (Interferon Gamma) causes _______ and ________ | polarization of M2- -> M1
Apoptosis |
| MCP-1 stands for | Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 |
| Long term adipocyte dysfunction effects theses 4 things the most: | Liver
Pancreatic b cells
Skeletal muscle
heart + Vascular beds |
| Hyperplasia is: | increase # of cells |
| Hypertrophy is: | Increase in cell size |
| Hyperplasia decreases (4) | pro-inflammatory
hypoxia
FFA release
Immune Cell recruitment |
| hyperplasia increases (3) | cell #
Adiponectin
Insulin sensitivity |
| Hypertrophy increases (5) | FFA release
Hypoxia
Pro inflammatory
immune cell recruitment
Cell size |
| Hypertrophy decreases (2) | insulin sensitivity
adiponectin |
| What is better, Hyperplasia or hypertrophy? | Hyperplasia |
| Small vs large fat cells: lipid droplets | Small has many lipid droplets
Large has one lipid droplet |
| Small vs Large fat cells: GLUT 4 | small–GLUT4 intact
large–GLUT4 impaired |
| non dysfunctional adipocytes have (5): | Macrophages (M2)
TH2
Treg
iNKT
Eosinophils |
| Dysfunctional Adipocytes have: (6) | Mast cells
TNF-a
M1
B cells (antibodies)
Cytotoxic T cells
TH 1 |
| Mast cells secrete _______ | TNF-a |
| M2 release (4) | IL 4, 10 ,13
PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) |
| All immune system players in a non-dysfunctional adipocyte provide_____ except _______ and _______ also have others | IL 4
iNKT (IL 10)
TH2 (IL 10 +13) |
| IFN-Y is released by _________ and _________ in a dysfunctional adipocyte | Cytotoxic T cells
TH1 |
| M1 release (3) | MCP-1
TNF-a
IL-Ib |
| Overall, in a dysfunctional cell, these 5 things are increased: | insulin resistance
immune cell recruitment
inflammation
FFA release
Polarization of M2 - -> M1 |
| central adipocity can decrease _________ which supresses immune response | TREG |
