| What does resistance mean? | The abilitiy to withstand the social pressure to conform or obey. It can be influenced by situational or dispositional factors |
| What is social support? | The pressure of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same. These people act as models to show toehrs that resistance is possible |
| What is social support with conformity? | Having an ally can build up confidence to stand up agaisnt the majority and remain individuals. This is because the dissenter breaks the unanmity, they dont fear being ridiculed so they avoid NSI. But as soon as the dissenter conforms again, so does the individual, shows its only situational. |
| What is social support with obedience? | Researchers show that people are more likley to resist pressure to obey if theye can find an ally.
The reason why they can resist the pressure is that the disobedience of another causes a change in perception that orders are acceptable.
Disobedience figures act as role model, which an individual can model their behaviour and become defiant |
| What is supporting research for resistance to conformity? | Asch - when there was social support of an ally who gave the correct answer, conformity rate dropped 32% to 5.5%. Presence of social support allowed them to resist. |
| What is the supporting research for obedience? | Milgram - when there were 2 disobedient confederates results in only 10% continuing to 450 volts. |
| What is locus of control? | Refers to indivudal differences in people's belief and expectations about what controls events in their lives |
| What is internal locus of control? | This is when you believe that you can control your own destiny. Controllable factors such as beliefs, attitudes, preparation and effort. |
| What is external locus of control? | When you believe that others control their destiny. There are uncontrollable factros whcih as environmental, other people or a higher power. |
| What is said about people with higher internal of LOC and resistance? | They are less likely to care about the opinons of others. They are more likley to be leaders and better able to resist coercion and less need for social approval, they are more confident and have a 'strong' personality. Better able to resist. |
| A strength of resistance with conformtiy? | Asch's variation, the conformtiy dropped to 5%. This demonstrats that if the real ppts has support for their belief, then they are more likely to resist conformtiy. Suggests that social support can lower the pressure from the majority group to conform due to NSI, allowing independent behaviour. |
| A strength of resistance with conformity? | Suggests that any type of social support, valid or invalid, can still have an impact on resistance. Allen and Levine found that conformtiy decreased when there was a dissenter who wore thick galsses and said he had bad eyesight, in a Asch type experiment.
-Control group there was a dissenter with normal vision. Whilst both conditions reduced conformity, and enhanced resistnace, the 2nd had more impact.
Shows that presenes of ally can be powerful to resisting conformity. |
| Strength of resistance for obedience? | Support from Milgram. Variation from 2 additional confederates, they plated the role of teachers and they refused to go on and withdrew from experiment early, dropped to 10%.This shows that the ppt will disobey when they have suppport and resist and authority figure. |
| Strength of resistance for obedience? | Research support that social support can reduce pressure to obey when there is a larger group of dissenter.
Gamson asked ppts to produce evidence to help an oil company run a smear campagin. 22 out of 33 reblled against these orders, which is a higher level of obedience than Milgram.
Possible reason when ppts were in groups they were able to discuss waht they wanted to do, thus garnering allies in favour of their dissenting stance. |
| Strength of locus of control for resistance with conformity | People with internal LOC have a less likley to conform. Spector used Rotter's scale to determine whether LOC is associated with conformity. Studied 157 undergrade students, Spector found a significant correleation between those with external LOC and confomrity.
Though, only seeing in situations with NSI, no difference between internal and external for ISI. Sugges the desire to be liked more powerful than the desire to be right. |
| Weakness of resistance for locus of control with conformity | Not all reserach supprots links between LOC and resistance. Twenge did a meta-analysis analysed data with American LOC studies between 1960-2002. Shows over time people become more external in LOC.
Researcher found that people had become more resistant to obedience, which is incongrious to Rotter's original suggestions, challenges the established links between internal LOC and high resistnace.
Though can be explained by historical bias in culture, eg cold war and 9/11. |
| Strength of locus of control for resistance with obedience? | Support for link between LOC and resistance to obedience. Holland replicated Milgram's study, measured ppts if they were internals or externals. Found that 37% of internals did not continue and 23% of external did not.
Shows that internals showed greater resistnace to authroity.
Shows resistance in relation to LOC has high internal validity for the explanation of resistnace to obedience and social influence. |
| Strength of Locus of control for resistance with obedience? | Supports the idea that individuals with an internal LOC more likely to resist pressure to obey. Oliner and Oliner interview non-jewish surviours of WW2 and compared those who has resisted orders and projeccted the Jewish peopele form the Nazi's.
The researcher found 406 rescures, more likely to have an high internal LOC, in comparison with the 126 ppl who followed orders.
Supports the idea that high internal LOC = high resistance but there are other factos that may have caused individuals to follow orders in WW2 so it is difficult to conclude that LOC is the only factor. |
