| HE first coined the word “Pharmacognosy” in what book? | 1 Johann Adam Schmidt
2 Materia Medica in 1811 |
| Pharmacognosy comes from what word? | pharmakon - drug / medicine
gignosco - knowledge |
| Study of crude drugs obtained from plants , animals and mineral kingdom and their constituents
An applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents | Pharmacognosy |
| Any product that has not been advanced in value nor improved in condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, distilling, evaporating, extracting, artificial mixing with other substances or by any other process or tx beyond what is essential to its proper packing and to the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture. | Crude |
| describes medicinal features of various plants | De Materia Medica
by Pedanius Dioscorides, 15th century |
| He wrote his doctoral thesis entitled ___ where he used the term “Pharmacognosy" | 1 C.A. Seydler
(a medical student at Halle,Germany in 1815)
2 Analectica Pharmacognostica |
| Vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse or longitudinal slices or peeling them in some cases. | Crude Drugs/Natural products |
| Natural Sources of Crude Drugs | 1 Plant sources
(Senna, Digitalis, Datura, Cascara, Cinchona, Clove, Opium, etc)
2 Animal sources
(cochineal, cantharidin, honey, cod liver oil, musk, thyroxin, etc.)
3 Marine sources
(sponges, red algae, agar, etc.)
4 Mineral sources
(talc, kaolin, kieselguhr, etc.) |
| A substance obtained from a natural source. | Natural Products |
| Types of Natural Products | 1 Crude Drug
(Senna, Cascara, Cinchona)
2 Galenical preparations
(extracts and tinctures)
3 Pure Compounds
(morphine, atropine, digoxin)
4 Semisynthetic products
(etoposide, teniposide, hyoscine butyl bromide) |
| are derivatives of natural products from plant alkaloids | semisynthetic product |
| What are the uses of natural products? | 1 As drugs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases
2 As pharmaceutic aids in pharmaceutical industry
3 In cosmetics as flavouring & colouring agents, etc.
4 In culture media for the propagation of M.O. in microbiology laboratories & biotechnology.
5 General uses e.g. in food industries: as dusting powders, as indicators and in perfumery |
| is one that is listed and described as being a definite therapeutic agent in the pharmacopoeia | OFFICIAL DRUG |
| is that one that are not recognized in the pharmacopoeia and is used as therapeutic agent. | UNOFFICIAL DRUG |
| Preparation of drugs for commercial market | 1 Cultivation
2 Collection |
| Ensures quality and purity of medicinal plants. Due to the controlled environmental growth better plant product is obtained and makes the collection and processing steps easier when compared to wild sources | Cultivation |
| Most advantageous of this time is when the part of the plant that constitutes the drug is highest in its content of active principles and when the material will dry to give the maximum quality and appearance | Collection |
| hand labor (digitalis) / with the use of mechanical devices | Harvesting |
| Removes sufficient moisture to ensure good keeping qualities and to prevent molding, action of enzymes/bacteria, and chemical or other possible changes | Drying |
| 2 types of Drying | 1 Natural drying
2 Artificial drying |
| (sun-drying)-either direct sun-drying or in the shed. Drying in shed is preferred if the natural colour of the drug (digitalis, clove, senna) and the volatile principles of the drug (peppermint) are to be retained. | Natural drying
- digitalis, clove, senna, peppermint |
| includes drying the drugs in (a) an oven; i.e. tray-dryers; (b)vacuum dryers and (c) spray dryers. | Artificial drying |
| It is the final step in the preparation of a crude drug; consists of the removal of extraneous matter(other plant parts, dirt , adulterants) | Garbling |
| should provide ample protection and economy of space- must maintain a high degree of quality of the drug | Packaging, storage and preservation |
| obtained from the direct parts of the plants and containing cellular tissues | Organized drugs
- (rhizomes, barks, leaves, fruits, entire plants, hairs and fibers) |
| prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues | Unorganized drugs
- (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.) |
