| Refers to any functional abnormality of the cerebrum caused by disorders of the blood vessels of the brain. | Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) |
| CVD is most commonly associated with a ???, also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA). | Stroke |
| The three major types of strokes are: | ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. |
| The most common type of stroke,
Which acounts for about 80% of all strokes is? | ischemic stroke. |
| Ischemic stroke is caused by? | a narrowing of the arteries of the brain or neck (carotid), generally due to arteriosclerosis. |
| The narrowing of the arteries of the brain or neck (carotid), generally due to arteriosclerosis in ischemic stroke causes? | insufficient oxygen delivery to the brain tissue, and, within a few minutes, the tissue begins to die. |
| Is a type of stroke caused by sudden rupture of an artery within the brain.
After the rupture, released blood compresses brain structures and destroys them. | Intracerebral hemorrhage. |
| Blood is released into the space surrounding the brain. | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage is commonly caused by? | a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal. |
| Signs and symptoms of stroke include: | weakness in one half of the body (hemiparesis),
Paralysis in one half of the body (hemiplegia),
inability to speak (aphasia), lack of muscular coordination (ataxia),
stupor coma, or even death. |
| If the CVA is mild, the patient may experience: | a brief "blackout", blurred vision, or dizziness and may be unaware of the "minor stroke". |
| Stroke symptoms that resolve within 24 hours are known as?
about one-third of all strokes are preceded by a TIA. | transient ischemic attack (TIA). |
| Appears to be a contributing factor to stroke. | A family history of cerebrovascular disease and high blood pressure. |
| Treatment of CVA includes: | speech, physical, and occupational therapy and various medications, depending on the type of stroke. |
| Chronic or recurring seizure are called? | epilepsies. |
| The (seizure) disorders involve: | electrical disturbance (dysrhythmias) in the brain the result in abnormal recurrent, and uncontrolled electrical discharges. |
| Causes of epilepsy include: | brain injury, congenital anomalies, metabolic disorders, brain tumors, vascular disturbances and genetic disorders. |
| Are characterized by sudden bursts of abnormal electrical activity in neurons, resulting in temporary changes in brain function. | Seizures |
| Two major types of seizures are: | partial and generalized |
| types of seizures; there is a short alteration of consciousness of about 10 to 30 seconds, characterized by repetitive, unusual movements and confusion. | Partial seizures |
| types of seizures; there is a temporary lapse in consciousness, accompanied by rhythmic movement of the eyes, head, or hands, without convulsions. | Generalized seizures |
| Is a life-threatening emergency that involves the whole cortex.
It is diagnosed when a continuous seizure occurs without a pause; that is, without an intervening period uneasiness lasting a few days to a more severe form, involving intense fears lasting for months and even years. | Status epilepticus |
| refers to a serious mental disorder commonly characterized by false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence to the coronary (delusions). | Psychosis |
| The psychotic patient typically: | "hears voices" and "sees visions" in the absence of an actual stimulus (hallucinations).
The patient's speech is usually incoherent and disorganized and behavior is erratic |
| Is a mental disorder caused by an emotion experienced in the past that overwhelmingly interferes or affects a present emotion.
For example, a child bitten by a dog may show irrational fear of animals as an adult. | Neurosis |
| many mental disorders are forms of neuroses, including: | irrational fears (phobias), exaggerated emotional and reflexive behaviors (hysterias), or irrational, uncontrolled performance of ritualistic actions for fear of a dire consequence (obsessive compulsive disorders). |
| Diagnosis and treatment of serious mental disorders usually require the skills of a medical specialist called a? | psychiatrist |
| In the capacity of a physician, the psychiatrist is licensed to? | prescribe medications and perform medical procedures not available to those who do not hold a medical license. |
| Psychiatrists commonly work in association with?,
who are individuals trained in evaluating human behavior, intelligence, and personality | clinical psychologists, |
| Psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression | Affective disorder |
| Eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height and an all-consuming desire to remain thin | anorexia nervosa |
| Psychological "worry" disorder characterized by excessive pondering and thinking "what if..."
Feelings of worry, dread, lack of energy, and a loss of interest in life are common signs associated with this. | anxiety |
| Disorder affecting children and adults characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task. | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
| Mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and ability to function, also called manic-depressive illness | bipolar disorder |
| Eating disorder characterized by binging (overeating) and purging (vomiting or use of laxatives) | bulimia nervosa |
| Mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement, and, commonly, feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawal | depressiong |
| Mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and hyper-elevated mood | mania |
| Sudden, profound, overwhelming feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger
a key symptom of this is the fear of its recurrence | panic attack |
| Oncology: can arise from any structure within the cranial cavity, including the pituitary, and pineal glands, cranial nerves, and the arachnoid and pia mater (leptominenger). | Intracranial tumors. |
| However, most intracranial tumors originate directly in: | brain tissue. |
| Brain tissue in intracranial tumors, all of these tissues may be the site of ??? that occur outside of the nervous system | metastatic spread from primary malignancies. |
| Metastatic tumors of the cranial cavity tend to exhibit growth characteristics: | similar to those of the primary malignancy but tend to grow more slowly than the parent tumor. |
| Metastatic tumors of the cranial cavity are usually (easier or harder?) to remove than primary intracranial tumors | easier |
| Are commonly classified according to histological type and include those that originate in neurons and those that develop in glial tissue. | Primary intracranial tumors |
| Signs and symptoms of intracranial tumors include: | headaches, especially upon arising in the morning, during coughing episodes, and upon bending or sudden movement. |
| Primary intracranial tumor signs and symptoms: Occasionally, the ??? swells
because of increased intracranial pressure. | optic disc in the back of the eyeball swells (papillaedema) |
| Primary intracranial tumor signs and symptoms:
What is that commonly happens and include depression, anxiety, and irritability | personality changes |
| Oncology: help establish a diagnosis but are not definitive. | Computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| Oncology: relieves pressure and confirms or rules out malignancy | Surgical removal |
| Even after surgery, most intracranial tumors require ??? as a second line of treatment. | Radiation therapy (RT) |
| What is, when added to RT, provides the best chance for survival and quality of life. | Chemotherapy |
| Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spacial, olfactory, or other sensations even though sensory sphere is intact.
This type of 'this' is usually identified by the sense or senses affected, such as visual 'this'.
is common in parietal lobe tumors. | Agnosia
a-; without, not
gnos; knowing
-ia; condition |
| Weakness debility, or loss of strength
is a characteristic of multiple sclerosis | asthenia
a-; without, not
sthen; strength
-ia; condition |
| Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement
may be the result of head injury, stroke, MS, alcoholism, or a variety of hereditary disorders. | ataxia
a-; without, not
tax; order, coordination
-ia; condition |
| premonitory awareness of an approaching physical or mental disorder; peculiar sensation that precedes seizures | aura |
| Mental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, usually accompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level
a person with this may engage in repetitive behavior, such as rocking or repeating sounds | autism |
| Self-limiting paralysis due to developmental defects in the brain or trauma during the birth process | cerebral palsy
cerebr; cerebrum
-al; pertaining to, relating to |
| Alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles | Clonic spasm |
| Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
in this, the injury site may occur at the impact site where the brain hits the inside of the skull (coup), or at the rebound site where the opposite side of the brain strikes the skull (countercoup). | Closed head trauma |
| Abnormally deep unconsciousness with absence of voluntary response to stimuli | coma |
| Transient loss of consciousness as a result of trauma to the head
delayed symptoms of this may include headache, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision. | concussion |
| Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment | dementia
de-; cessation
ment; mind
-ia; condition |
| inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure | dyslexia
dys-; bad; painful; difficult
lex; word, phrase
-ia; condition |
| Condition of acute polyneuritis with progressive muscle weakness in extremities
this syndrome occurs most commonly people age 30 to 50 with spontaneous and complete recovery in about 95% of cases. | Guillain-Barre syndrome |
| Painful acute infectious disease of the posterior root ganglia of only a few segments of the spinal or cranial nerves; also called shingles
is caused by the same organism (varicella-zoster) that causes chickenpox in children. The disease is self-limiting and usually resolves in 10 days to 5 weeks. | herpes zoster |
| Inherited disease of the CNS that usually has its onset in people between ages 30 and 50
is characterized by quick, involuntary movements; speech disturbances; and mental deterioration. | Huntington disease |
| Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing thinning of the brain tissue and separation of cranial bones | hydrocephalus |
| Abnormal activity or lack of response to normal stimuli; also called sluggishness | lethargy |
| Unconscious conflict that produces anxiety and other symptoms and leads to maladaptive use of defense mechanisms | neurosis
neur; nerve
-osis; abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) |
| major emotional disorder where contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting challenges of daily life. | psychosis
psych; mind
-osis; abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) |
| Defect in which the neural tube (tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord in the fetus) fails to close during embryogenesis
is a serious birth defect. Forms of this include meningomyelocele, meningocele, and occulta.
form of this in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine. | Spina bifida |
| mening/o; meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)
-cele; hernia, swelling
one of the types of spina bifida | meningocele |
| Myel/o; bone marrow; spinal cord
Mening/o: bone marrow; spinal cord
-cele: hernia, swelling
one of the types of spina bifida
most severe form of spina bifida where the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine | myelomeningocele |
| Form of spina bifida where one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin | occulta |
| Paralysis of the lower potion of the trunk and both legs usually as a result of injury or disease of the spine | paraplegia
para: near, beside; beyond
-plegia: paralysis |
| Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity
This can be caused by disorders affecting the central nervous system, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, and encephalitis | paresthesia |
| Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis. | Poliomyelitis
Poli/o: gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)
myel: bone marrow; spinal cord
-itis: inflammation |
| Common symptoms for many neurological disorders include: | headache, insomnia, back or neck pain, weakness, and involuntary movement (dyskinesia) |
| Provide a sample of CSF for analysis and help identify various types of meningitis and encephalitis. | Lumbar puncture |
| Provide detailed images that can locate cerebrovascular irregularities, lesions, and tumors | Radiology
especially Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| Is a facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve and any of all of its branches and is associated with herpes virus | Bells Palsy |
| Symptoms of Bell's Palsy include:
What are also symptoms of this disease: | weakness (asthenia) and numbness of the face, distortion of taste perception, facial disfigurement, and facial spasms.
other symptoms of this disease are also speech difficulties (dysphasia) and pain behind the ear or in the face. |
| In Bell's Palsy the cornea becomes dry because of an absent blink reflex and commonly leads to? | corneal infection (keratitis). |
| In Bell's Palsy, anti-inflammatory drugs and the application of heat promote: | circulation and ease pain. |
| In Bell's Palsy, spontaneous recovery can be expected in about? | 3 to 5 weeks |
| Paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk | quadriplegia
quadri-: four
-plegia: paralysis |
| Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver and, possibly, the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes; usually seen in children younger than age 15 who had an acute viral infection
Mortality in this syndrome may be as high as 80%. The use of aspirin by children experiencing chickenpox or influenza may induce Reye syndrome. | Reye syndrome |
| Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve felt at the base of the spine, down the thigh, and radiating down the leg due to a compressed nerve. | sciatica |
| Temporary loss of consciousness due to the sudden decline of blood flow to the brain; also called fainting | Syncope |
| Syncope due to a drop in blood pressure brought on by the response of the nervous system to abrupt emotional stress, pain, or trauma. | Vasovagal |
| Temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting from a few minutes to a few hours
Symptoms of this may include numbness or weakness in the extremities, especially on one side of the body; confusion or difficulty in talking or understanding speech; visual impairment; dizziness; loss of balance; and difficulty walking | Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
| Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
Different wave patterns on this are associated with normal and abnormal waking and sleeping states and help diagnose such conditions as tumors, infections, and seizure disorders. | electroencephalography (EEG)
electr/o: electricity
encephal/o: brain
-graphy: process of recording |
| Recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess nerve damage
In this, an electrode inserted into a muscle records the impulses and displays them on a monitor called an oscilloscope | electromyography (EMG)
electr/o: electricity
my/o: muscle
-graphy: process of recording |
| Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap | Lumbar puncture |
| Noninvasive test that records electromagnetic activity produced as neurons discharge and maps their pathway through the brain
is performed in seizure disorders because it can pinpoint active regions in the brain and trace their movement from region to region. A helmet that contains magnetic sensors tracks the impulses and records them. | magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
| Test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve.
In this, one electrode stimulates a nerve while other electrodes, placed over different areas of the nerve, record an electrical signal (action potential) as it travels through the nerve. This test is used for diagnosing muscular dystrophy and neurological disorders that destroy myelin. | Nerve conduction velocity |
| Series of chemical, microscopic, and microbial tests used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage. | cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
Cerebr/o: cerebrum
spin: spine
-al: pertaining to, relating to |
| Radiography of the blood vessels after introduction of a contrast medium
This is used to visualize vascular abnormalities. The contrast medium may be injected into an artery or vein or administered through a catheter inserted in a peripheral artery, run through the vessel, and positioned at a visceral scale. | angi/o: vessel (usually blood or lymph)
-graphy: process of recording |
| Angiography of blood vessels of the brain after injection of a contrast medium; also called?
Vascular tumors, aneurysms, and occlusions are identified using this. In addition, abscesses, nonvascular tumors, and hematomas are commonly identified because they distort the normal vascular image. | Cerebral angiography |
| Diagnostic radiological examination of the spinal canal, nerve roots, and spinal cords after injection of contrast medium into the spinal canal
this is usually performed in conjunction with a CT scan and when an MRI is not possible because the patient has a pacemaker or other implantable device | myelography |
| Term used to describe a computerized image by modality (such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and nuclear) or by structure (such as thyroid, bone, or brain) | scan |
| Diagnostic procedure using radioisotope imaging to localize and identify intracranial masses, lesions, tumors, or infarcts
Because radioactive material concentrates in rapidly growing cells, this is used to identify brain tumors and evaluate the progress of treatment | brain scan |
| Imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles | computed tomography (CT)
tom/o: to cut
-graphy: process of recording |
| Scan using computed tomography to record the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease.
This is especially useful in scanning the brain and nervous system to diagnose disorders that involve abnormal tissue metabolism, such as schizophrenia, brain tumors, epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimer disease. The images are produced using colors that indicate degrees of metabolism or blood flow. The highest rates appear red; lower rates appear yellow, then green; andthe lowest rates appear blue. | Positron emission tomography (PET) |
| Image produced by using high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) and displaying the reflected "echoes" on a monitor; also called ultrasound, sonography, echo, and echogram | ultrasonography
ultra-: excess, beyond
son/o: sound
-graphy: process of recording |
| Ultrasound technique used to study the intracranial structures of the brain and, especially, diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain. | echoencephalography
echo-: repeated sound
encephal/o: brain
-graphy: process of recording |
| Technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it
This is sometimes used to destroy malignant tumors of the brain | cryosurgery |
| Precise method of locating and destroying sharply circumscribed lesions on specific, tiny areas of pathological tissue in deep-seated structures of the central nervous system; also called stereotaxy or stereotactic surgery.
This is used in the treatment of seizure disorders, aneurysms, brain tumors, and many other neuropathological conditions and is performed without a surgical incision. The site to be worked on is localized with three-dimensional coordinates, and methods of destroying lesions include heat, cold, and radiation. | Stereotaxic radiosurgery |
| partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain, involuntary movements or emotional disturbances
This produces few neurological deficits or changes in personality. | Thalamotomy |
| Transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
This is sometimes used to relieve intractable pain. | Tractotomy |
| Technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure. | Trephination |
| Interruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer
This is performed when ulcers in the stomach and duodenum do not respond to medication or changes in diet. | Vagotomy |
| A class of drugs used as sedatives, depress central nervous system (CNS) function to relieve agitation and induce sleep. | Hypnotics |
| Are capable of producing a complete or partial loss of feeling and are used for surgery. | Anesthetics |
| Alter brain chemistry to treat mental illness. | Psychotherapeutic |
| Are used to relieve or eliminate pain, suppress seizures, control tremors, and reduce muscle rigidity.
These drugs are used as mood stabilizers in various mental disorders.
They also reduce symptoms of depression and treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. | neurological agents or;
these drugs as: Hypnotics, anesthetics, and psychotherapeutic |
| Therapeutic action:
Relieve or eliminate pain | Analgesics |
| analgesics:
Moderate to severe pain is commonly treated with ???, such as Demerol. Because they are addictive in nature, narcotic analgesics require a prescription. | narcotic analgesics |
| Nonnarcotic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Bayer and Vioxx, are used to treat? | treat mild aches and pain |
| Analgesics Generic and Trade names: | Aspirin- bayer, bufferin, ecotrin
Acetaminophen- Tylenol, Panadol, Tempra
Rofecoxib- Viaxx
Meperidine- Demerol |
| produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness
May be classified as general or local | Anesthetics |
| Anesthetics Generic and Trade names: | lidocaine- xylocaine
nitrous oxide
Pentobarbital- nembutal
propofol- Diprivan
procaine- Novocan |
| Act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
Are commonly used for surgical procedures and include nembutal, diprivan, and versed. | General or general anesthetics |
| Act upon nerve tracts and affect a local area only
include xylocaine and novocain | Local anesthetics |
| Suppress or control seizures by stabilizing the neuron membrane and reducing its excitability
are used to prevent or control partial and generalized epileptic seizures. | Anticonvulsants |
| Anticonvulsants generic and trade names: | Carbamazepine- Tegretol
Valproate- Depakote
Lamotrigine- Lamictal |
| Reduce the signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine in the brain.
Control tremors and muscle rigidity. | Antiparkinsonian agents |
| Antiparkinsonian agents Generic and trade names: | levodopa- L-dopa, Larodopa, Dopar
Levodopa/carbidopa- Sinemet, Sinemet CR |
| Depress central nervous system (CNS) functions and promote sedation and sleep.
may be nonbarbiturates or barbiturates. | hypnotics |
| hypnotics that carry a low risk of addiction | Nonbarbiturate hypnotics (such as Restoril) |
| Hypnotics that carry a higher risk of addiction | Barbiturate hypnotics (such as Seconal) |
| Hypnotics generic and trade names: | Secobarbital- seconal
Temazepam- Restoril |
| Treat hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and paranoia and symptoms associated with schizophrenia | antipsychotics |
| The first antipsychotics,
caused numerous adverse effects.
In addition to psychotic disorders, these are used to treat agitation associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and dementia. | neuroleptics (such as Thorazine and haldol) |
| newer medications
antipsychotic that have fewer adverse effects (or fewer than neuroleptics) | newer medications called atypical antipsychotics (such as Zyprexa and Risperdal) |
| Antipsychotics generic and trade names: | clozapine- clozaril
Haloperidol- Haldol
Olanzapine- Zyprexa
Risperidone- Risperdal |
| Treat multiple symptoms of depression
Fall under different classifications and some are also used to treat anxiety and pain. | Antidepressants |
| Antidepressants generic and trade names: | paroxetine- Paxil
fluoxetine- Prozac
Amitriptyline- Elavil |
| Teat narcolepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults
this used to treat ADHD are mainly amphetamines. | psychostimulants |
| Psychostimulants:
Reduce the symptoms of restlessness, emotional lability, and impulse behavior and may increase attention span without overstimulation | amphetamines |
| psychostimulants generic and trade names: | dextroamphetamine- dexedrine
methylphenidate- Ritalin |
| AD | Alzheimer disease |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; also called Lou Gehrig disease |
| ANS | autonomic nervous system |
| BEAN | brain electrical activity mapping |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CP | cerebral palsy |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| CT scan, CAT scan | computed tomography scan |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| EEG | electroencephalogram; electroencephalography |
| ICP | intracranial pressure |
| LOC | loss of consciousness |
| LP | Lumbar puncture |
| MEG | magneticencephalography |
| MRA | magnetic resonance angiogram; magnetic resonance angiography |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| MS | musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; mitral stenosis |
| NCV | Nerve conduction velocity |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| SNS | Sympathetic nervous system |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
