| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach
2) may cause abdominal pain
3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Mineral Classification: Major (what qualifies a nutrient in this category?) | >100 mg needed daily |
| Mineral Classification: trace (what qualifies a nutrient in this category?) | 1-100mg needed daily |
| Mineral Classification: ultra trace (what qualifies a nutrient in this category?) | <1mg needed daily |
| How does Zinc contribute to plants? (3) | Chloroplast development
plant growth
Photosynthesis |
| Zinc RDA for 20+ yr old females, pregnant females, and lactating females? | 8mg/day
11mg/day
12 mg/day |
| Zinc RDA for males: | 11mg/day |
| Upper Limit of zinc? | 40 mg/day |
| Food sources of zinc (7) | Fortified foods
dairy
dark leafy greens
protein/animal sources
shellfish
legumes
nuts+ seeds |
| What food has the most zinc? | Oysters |
| Zinc is found most in what types of meat? | dark and red meat. MUSCLE |
| What food does not contain zinc? | Fruit! |
| Is free zinc ever found in the body? | Yes, but not for long |
| When is zinc considered an antioxidant? | When it is attached to a protein |
| Zips will _______ when there is excess Zn in the body | decrease |
| Increase Zn in the body will cause a _______ of Metallothionein (MT) | Increase |
| How many members of the ZIP? | 14 |
| How many members of the ZnTs? | 10 |
| Once in the enterocyte of the small intestine, Zn can do 3 different things: | 1) be used
2) be transported to the blood
3)stored in the cell |
| How is Zn regulated in the body? | Through ZIPS |
| Where are MTS synthesized? (4) | Liver
Pancreas
Kidney
Intestine |
| Where are MTs located? | In the golgi apparatus |
| MTS can be bound to these 6 elements and 1 other thing: | Se
Cu
Ca
Zn
Fe
Mn
Xenobiotic |
| Are MTS antioxidants? | No, but they act like one because they bind to free metals |
| How does Zn travel from the small intestine to the blood? (3) | 1) ZIP 4 and 14
2) DMT (divalent metal transporter)
3) Paracellular division |
| What are the two types of ZIP that specifically transfer Zn? | ZIP 4 and 14 |
| What increases the absorption of Zn (5) | Cysteine
Methionine
Histidine
Casein
Picolinic acid
Cas did Meth and ate PICkles in her HIStory class, and got a CYST |
| What 3 molecules decrease Zn absorption? | Oxalate
Phytate
Polyphenols |
| What other things can decrease absorption? (5) | PPIs
Antacids
Iron
Food Processing
Calcium |
| How do antacids and PPIs decrease Zn absorption? | They decrease acid/make stomach more basic
**Zinc requires acid to be digested properly!** |
| Where is zinc located? (3) | mostly processed in the liver
found within cells (mostly muscle) |
| Zinc Functions: (7) | Antioxidant
Wound healing
Sexual maturation
Immune system
Growth
Heme synthesis
Taste
AW SIGHT |
| Zinc Function categories (3) | catalytic
structural
regulatory |
| Catalytic function: | Zinc is a cofactor for >300 enzymes |
| What are the 6 main enzymes that zinc is a cofactor to: | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
DNA + RNA polymerase
Superoxide Dismutase
Fructose 1,6-biphosphotase
Leukotriene hydrolase
Gustin
Super Fruit DNA gets Dehydrated when a Gust of wind passes the Latrine |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Converts pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA |
| Zn cofactor purpose: DNA + RNA polymerase | Dna replication + transcription |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Superoxide Dismutase | Cytosolic antioxidant
(Antioxidant for fluid within cells) |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Fructose 1,6-biphosphotase | Gluconeogenesis |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Leukotriene Hydrolase | Eicosanoid metabolism
(breaks down signaling molecules) |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Gustin | Taste Acuity |
| Zinc's Structural function: | helps stabilize proteins and cell membranes by quenching free radicals |
| Which antioxidant aids zinc in getting rid of free radicals in proteins and cell membranes? | Superoxide Dismutase |
| How can the structure of superoxide dismutase be determined? | It has both Zn and Cu |
| Regulatory function of Zn: | DNA transcription |
| What is needed in DNA transcription: 4 | DNA
RNA Polymerase
ATP
Transcription factors (This is where Zn is located) |
| Free zinc, once in the blood stream quickly binds to _______ but also sometimes ______ or ________ | Albumin
Transferrin
IgG (Immunoglobin) |
| What are Zinc fingers? | Zinc fingers bind with the MRE (the part of DNA being read) |
| Summary of DNA transcription (3 steps) | 1) DNA is separated
2) Zinc fingers attach to MRE
3) RNA polymerase reads off code and makes a protein |
| Zinc aids in cell signaling and influences... (3) | 1) Hormone release
2) nerve impulse transmission
3) apoptosis |
| Which two hormones does zinc help release? | Insulin
adiponectin |
| What vitamins does zinc interact with? (2) | Folate
Vitamin A |
| How does zinc interact with folate | increases ability to be absorbed (bioavailability) |
| How does zinc interact with vitamin A? (2) | 1) retinOL-> retinAL
2) Transports vitamin A through blood |
| Importance of zinc converting retinOL to retinAL | increases Rhodopsin which decreases nightblindness |
| What is rhodopsin made out of? | 11-cis-Retinal + opsin |
| Zinc Deficiency symptoms: (10) | Taste: loss of taste
Wound healing: Poor wound healing, skin rashes
Immune system: decrease immune system
Growth: Stunted growth, deformed bones, abnormal hair and nails
Sexual development: poor sexual development
Behavior disturbances
decrease Vitamin A transport, decrease folate absorption
TWIGS without VITAMINS= bad BEHAVIOR |
| indirectly, zinc can also effect (3) | 1) increase odds of spina bifida
2) effect fertility
3) increase risk for pregnancy complications |
| Zinc status can negatively impact fetus's overall _______ and development of ___________ | Growth
Central Nervous System |
| Who is at risk for a deficiency? (7) | Alcoholics
iBs/iBd
Children/adolescence
Chronic renal disease
Elderly
vegetarians
pregnant/lactating
ABCCEVP |
| zinc exposure can happen through... (3) | Skin (denture cream)
inhalation
ingestion |
| Symptoms of zinc toxicity: (7) | Rough hair
Emphysema
Arthritis-like symptoms
hdL levels decrease
Miscarriages
Achromotrichia
Diarrhea
REAL MAD |
| Zinc aids the immune system by...? (3) | 1) mediates both innate and adaptive immune system
2) antioxidant enzyme
3)increases activity of Thymulin
*Thymulin is a hormone that activates the thymus (creates T cells)
don't need to know ^ but might help for memorization |
| How many mg of Zinc are in multivitamins vs single? | multi: 15 mg
single: 10-100mg |
