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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

Question	Answer
a 19th-century British naturalist who sailed the world in a ship and developed of a theory of evolution based on natural selection	Charles Darwin
proposed that acquired traits were inherited and passed on to offspring	Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
the study of fossils	paleontology
the study of the distribution of plants and animals in the environment	biogeography
plants	flora
animals	fauna
the study of development of an organism	embryology
the study of the anatomy of various animals	morphological homologies
appendages that have evolved to serve different purposes	homologous structures
structures that have evolved totally independent of one another	analogous structures
the field of science that examines nucleotide and amino acid sequences in different organism	molecular biology
consistent small changes in DNA and changes in the fossil record	continuing evolution
charts to study relationships between organism	phylogenetic tree/cladograms
the group least related to the other species	out-group
the differences in each person	genetic variability
the change in the gene pool of population overtime (ex. peppered moths becoming light or dark dependent on the air pollution)	evolution
requires genetic variation and environmental pressure that gives some individuals an advantage	natural selection
any trait that causes an individual to reproduce better	evolutionary fitness
traits that cause females to find males attractive and evolution goes from there	sexual selection
causes a change in the genetics of a population but is not natural selection	genetic drift
occurs when only a few individuals are left otay mate and regrow a population	bottleneck/founder effect
occurs between different populations of the same species if individuals migrate to/from the populations	gene flow
one phenotype was favored at one of the extremes of the normal distribution	directional selection
organisms in a population with extreme traits are eliminated	stabilizing selection
favors both the extreme and selects against common traits	disruptive selection
selection where humans directly affect variation in other species	artificial selection
two individuals must be able to mate and produce variable offspring that would then be capable of mating and producing offspring	species
variation and different environmental pressure that could change in different ways and no longer be able to mate	divergent evolution
a quick period of little evolution	punctuated equilibrium
a change that comes about after many smaller changes	gradualism
occurs when a species rapidly diversifies due to an abundance of available ecological niches suddenly opening up	adaptive radiation
prevent fertilization (ex. temporal isolation)	pre-zygotic barriers
the inability of a hybrid organisms to produce offspring.	post-zygotic barrier
the process by which two unrelated and dissimilar species come to have similar traits due to exposure to similar selective pressures	convergent evolution
a population becomes separated from the rest of the species by a geographic barrier so that the two populations can't interbreed	allopatric speciation
new species form without any geographic barriers	sympatric speciation
occurs when it gets doubles of chromosomes (mainly plants)	polyploidy
states that even with all of the shuffling of genes that goes on, the relative frequencies of genotypes in a population are constant over time (1- large pop., 2- no net mutation, 3- no immigration/emigration, 4- random mating, 5- no natural selection)	Hardy-Weinberg law
proposed that the primitive atmosphere contained mostly inorganic molecules and was rich in methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water but no free oxygen	Oparin and Haldane
simulated the conditions of primitive Earth in a lab	Miller and Urey
the hypothesis that original life-forms were simply molecules of RNA	RNA- world hypothesis