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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

Question	Answer
the study of how cells release and store energy	bioenergetics
energy cannot be created or destroyed (sum of energy is constant)	1st Law of Thermodynamics
the universe tends to disorder (high entropy)	2nd Law of Thermodynamics
reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants (energy lost)	exergonic reactions
reactions that require an input of energy (energy gained)	endergonic
the state of which reactants but first turn (a high energy molecule)	transition state
the amount of energy needed to reach a transition state	activation energy
a biological catalyst that speed up reaction by lowering activation energy	enzymes
each enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reaction	enzyme specificity
the target molecules in enzymatic reactions	substrates
a special region on an enzyme	active site
when an enzyme temporarily binds to one or more of the substrates to its active site	enzyme-substrate complex
the idea that enzymes must change shape to accommodate the shape of substrates	induced-fit
factors that help enzymes in catalyzing a reaction	cofactors
organic cofactor molecules	coenzymes
enzymes damaged by heat and deprived of their ability to catalyze reactions	denatured
a measure of temperature sensitivity of a physiological process or enzymatic reaction rate	Q10
when enzymes bind at a site that isn't the active site	allosteric site
when a substance has a shape that fits the active sit and it competes with the substrate and blocks it from binding to the active site	competitive inhibition
when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site	allosteric inhibitor
when the enzyme shape is distorted to where it cannot function but the substrate can still bind (just can't catalyze)	noncompetitive inhibition
the process of breaking down sugar and making ATP	cellular respiration
the way sugar is made in autotrophs	photosynthesis
energy units of sunlight	photons
first step of photosynthesis that produces ATP and NADPH	light reactions
the second step of photosynthesis that produces carbohydrates	dark reactions (Calvin Cycle)
fluid-filled region in the membrane of chloroplast	stroma
structures inside the stroma that look like stacks of coins	grana
pigments that are clustered in the thylakoid membrane into units called antenna complexes	chlorophyll a/b and cartoenoids
pigments that gather light and pounce energy to the reaction center	antenna pigments
a type of reaction center that absorbs P680	photosystem II (PS II)
a type of reaction center that absorbs P700	photosystem I (PS I)
when light energy is used to make ATP	photophosphorylation
shows how well a certain pigment absorbs electromagnetic radiation	absorption spectrum
gives information on which wavelengths are emitted by a pigment	emission spectrum
the process in which water is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons	photolysis
when CO2 in the air is converted into carbohydrates	carbon fixation
a wasteful process that uses ATP and O2 to produce more CO2 but no sugars	photorespiration
plants in hot climates deal by temporally separating carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle	CAM plants
plants in hot climates that perform CO2 fixation in a different area of the leaf	C4 plants
when ATP is made in the presence of oxygen	aerobic respiration
when ATP is made without oxygen present	anaerobic respiration
the pumping of ions and diffusion of ions to create ATP	chemiosmosis
hydrogen ions can diffuse across the inner membrane by passing through	ATP synthase