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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

Question	Answer
substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means	elements
elemental building blocks of life	oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
elements required by an organism only in very small quantities	trace elements
smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties	atom
protons (+), neutrons (=), and electrons (-)	subatomic particles
core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons	nucleus
atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus	isotopes
when tow or more individual elements are combined in a fixed ratio	compound
a bond formed between atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other	ionic bond
bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms	covalent bond
electrons in a covalent bond are EQUALLY shared	nonpolar covalent bond
electrons that are UNequally shared in a covalent bond	polar covalent bond
molecules with partially positive and partially negative charges	polar
bonds that typically are present in water and hold it together	hydrogen bond
the attraction of molecules to other molecules of the same kind	cohesion
the attraction of molecules to molecules of a different kind	adhesion
the ability of water to rise up the roots, trunks, and branches of trees	capillary action
the cohesion of water that allows light thinks to sit atop the surface without sinking	surface tension
a solution is acidic if it contains a lot of H+	acidic
a solution is basic of it releases a lot of OH-	basic
compounds in living organism that contain a skeleton of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms and other elements	organic compound
molecules that do not contain carbon atoms	inorganic compound
the composition of most macromolecule's building blocks	polymers
the individual building block of a polymer	monomer
polymers are formed, water molecules are lost, and larger compounds form	dehydration synthesis
polymers are broken down into monomers	hydrolysis
organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (ratio of 1:2:1)	carbohydrates
carbohydrates organization (mono-, di-, poly-)	saccharides
made up of beta-glucose and is a major part of cell walls in plants	cellulose
stores sugar in animals	glycogen
stores sugar in plants	starch
organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins ( contains central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and r-group)	amino acids
the group that causes variable expression in proteins (aka side chain)	R-group
non-polar and uncharged	hydrophobic
polar and uncharged	hydrophillic
polar and charged	ionic
the bond that creates a dipeptide (two combined proteins)	peptide bond
linear sequence of the amino acids	primary structure
beginning of a alpha helix or beta sheets	secondary structures
amino acids that were separate in the primary structure interacting with each other	tertiary structure
several different polypeptide chains interacting with each other	quaternary structure
proteins that aid in the folding of other proteins	chaperone proteins (chaperonins)
consist of C, H, and O atoms but not in a fixed ratio (ex. triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids)	lipids
double bonds present in the chain	unsaturated
fatty acid has many double bond within it	polyunsaturated
a molecule that has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region	amphipathic molecule
four-ringed molecule that is found in membranes	cholesterol
organic compounds that contain C,H,O,N, and P	nucleic acid
simple units that make up nucleic acids	nucleotides
contains the hereditary "blueprints" of life	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
essential for protein synthesis	ribonucleic acid (RNA)