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level: Key Terms

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Key Terms

Question	Answer
participate in cellular divisions and movement	microtubule
used to study detailed structures of a cell that cannot be easily seen or observed by light microscopy	electron microscopes
the genetic material found free in the cell in a prokaryote	nucleoid
the protective outer layer found on prokaryotes	cell wall
composed of a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer	plasma membrane
long projections used to mobility	flagella
thick area outside the cell wall for extra protection (prokaryotes)	capsule
specialized structures within a living cell	organelles
hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inwards and the hydrophilic phosphate head face outwards allowing movement through the membrane	phospholipid bilayer
proteins located on the inner or outer surface of the membrane (loose association)	peripheral proteins
amphipathic proteins firmly bound to the plasma membrane	integral proteins
integral proteins that extend all the way through the membrane	transmembrane proteins
each layer of phospholipids is flexible and peppered with different proteins and carbohydrate chains	fluid-mosaic model
form junctions between adjacent cells	adhesion proteins
serve as docking sites for arrivals at the cell (ex. hormones)	receptor proteins
form pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across the membrane	transfer proteins
form channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules	channel proteins
markers exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion (ex. glycoproteins)	cell-surface markers
found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane attached to proteins	carbohydrate-side chain
largest organelle in the cell and is responsible for the cell's ability to reproduce	nucleus
carries genetic information and the organization for DNA	chromosomes
the location in the nucleus where the rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is made and ribosomes are assembled	nucleolus
the site of protein synthesis- manufacture all the proteins required by the cell or secreted by the cell	ribosome
a continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm and provides mechanical support while aiding in intracellular transport	endoplasmic reticulum
region attached to the nuclear and studded with ribosomes which compartmentalize the cell and proteins are trafficked across the cell	rough er
region of the ER that lacks ribosomes and makes lipids, hormones, steroids, and breaks down toxic chemicals	smooth er
participate in the processing of proteins by modifying, sorting, and packing	Golgi complex
the packaging that golgis use to carry products to the plasma membrane	vesicles
responsible for converting energy from organic molecules into useful cellular energy	mitochondria
the most common energy molecule in the cell	adenosine triphosphate
inner mitochondrial membrane folds that separate the innermost area from the intermembrane space	cristae
composed of a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer	plasma membrane
the genetic material found free in the cell in a prokaryote	nucleoid
responsible for carrying digestive enzymes which are sued to break down organelles, debris, or large ingested particles	lysosomes
small, cylindrical structures the produce microtubules to pull replicated chromosome apart during division	centrioles
microtubule production center for eukaryotic cells	microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)
long projections used to mobility	flagella
fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments	vacoules
organelles that detoxify various substances and produce hydrogen peroxide as a biproduct	peroxisomes
a network of protein fibers	cytoskeleton
participate in cellular divisions and movement	microtubules
structures composed of actin that provide structure, shape, and flexibility	microfilliments
a proteins that composes microtubules	tubulin
hairlike structure on a mainly single cell organism that allows movement	cilia
protist single cell organism that utilizes flagella	euglena
single-celled protist which is covered in cilia for movement	paramecium
a principle component of an arthropod's exoskeleton and composition for a fungi's cell wall	chitin
contain chlorophyll which is the light-capturing pigment that gives plants a green color	chloroplast
takes up most of the cytoplasm of a plant to allow efficiency	central vacuole
contained the central vacuole when the plant is mature	cell sap
depends upon proteins that act as tunnels in the membrane	facilitated transport
water specific channels that allow facilitated transport	aquaporins
diffusion for a hydrophobic molecule or small non-polar molecules through the membrane	simple diffusion
any time that the help of channel-type protein is used for diffusion	facilitated diffusion
form channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules	channel proteins
anytime a substance is moving by diffusion as there is no outside energy required to power the movement	passive transport
the diffusion of water and the water always goes from less solutes area to more	osmosis
the term used to describe osmotic gradients	tonicity
markers exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion (ex. glycoproteins)	cell surface markers
found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane attached to proteins	carbohydrate side chain
solute concentration is the same both inside and out	isotonic
more total dissolved solutes than the cell	hypertonic
has less total dissolved solutes than the cell	hypotonic
the measure of potential energy in water that describes the eagerness of water to flow from and area of high to low water potential - affected by pressure potential and solute potential	water potential
movement against the nature flow	active transport
ushers out three Na+ ions and bring in two K+ ions	sodium-potassium pump
the cell membrane forms a pocket, pinches in, and eventually forms and vacuole or a vesicle	endocytosis
the cell ingests liquids ("drinking pina colada's")	pinocytosis
the cell takes in solids	phagocytosis
involves cell surface receptors that work in tandem with endocytic pits	receptor-mediated endocytosis
protein that lines endocytic pits	clathrin
one-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure	bulk flow
the diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane	dialysis
cell ejects waste products or specific secretion products by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane	exocytosis