| Injury to the Plasma Membrane | 1 Lipopeptide |
| Lipopeptide types | 1 Daptomycin
2 Polymyxin B |
| Its use is approved for certain skin infections
binds to the bacterial membrane and resistance is uncommon for it | Daptomycin |
| It has bactericidal antibiotic effect that are very
effective against gram negative bacteria
including pseudomonas species | Polymyxin B |
| Polymyxin B acts by binding to the outer membrane of the cell wall and usually combined with __
and __ for topical use to treat our
superficial infections | bacitracin, neomycin |
| Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis | 1 QUINOLONES AND FLUOROQUIONOLONES |
| Inhibit the DNA synthesis particularly the DNA
gyrase
Very broad spectrum antibiotics
They are used for pneumonia and gonorrhea | QUINOLONES AND FLUOROQUIONOLONES |
| Major effect of Fluoroquionolones is | they affect
the development of cartilage especially for
children |
| QUINOLONES AND FLUOROQUIONOLONES ADVERSE EFFECTS | 1 development of cartilage,
2 Diarrhea,
3 nausea,
4 headache,
5 dizziness,
6 nephrotoxicity,
7 phototoxicity |
| Quinolones types
Fluoroquionolones types | Quinolones - Nalidixic acid
Fluoroquionolones (Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moaxifloxacin and gatifloxacin) |
| First Quinolone drug developed
Use is limited to UTI and Upper respiratroy
tract infections | Nalidixic acid |
| They are contraindicated for certain drugs that
control heart rhythm | Moaxifloxacin and Gatifloxacin |
| Competitive Inhibitors of the Synthesis of essential
Metabolites | SULFONAMIDES |
| The first synthetic antimicrobial drug
Inhibits the synthesis of __ from
__ | SULFONAMIDES, dihydrofolic acid, PABA |
| SULFONAMIDES example | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole) |
| Effective against Pneumocystic pneumonia
Very effective in penetrating the __ and
__ | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)
brain, cerebrospinal fluid |
| Inhibits the conversion of
dihydrofolic present in tetrahydrofolic | Trimethoprim |
| Pneumonia that is usually associated with
immunosuppressed and AIDS patients | Pneumocystic pneumonia |
| Other examples of Sulfonamides | 1 Silver sulfadiazine and Mafenide (Flammazine®)
2 Sodium sulfacetamide
3 Quinine + pyrimethamine + sulfadoxime
(Fansidar®) |
| Used to control infection in burn patients
For burn therapy | Silver sulfadiazine and Mafenide (Flammazine®) |
| Used for conjunctivitis
Available as opthalmic solution | Sodium sulfacetamide |
| Used for treatment of Malaria especially if the
patient develops resistance to chloroquine | Quinine + pyrimethamine + sulfadoxime (Fansidar®) |
| Antibiotics that are particular for
mycobacterium species for the treatment of
tuberculosis | Antimycobacterial antibiotics |
| Antimycobacterial antibiotics types | 1 Rifampin
2 Isoniazid
3 Ethambutol
4 Pyrazinamide
5 Ethionamide
6 Streptomycin |
| The most important antimycobacterial
antibiotics against tuberculosis and other types
of infections caused by mycobacteria | Rifampin |
| Rifampin is also used for __ since it can penetrate the
tissues and reach therapeutic levels in
cerebrospinal fluid | leprosy |
| Rifampin adverse effect | red-orange coloration of body fluids |
| Higher toxicity when Rifampin is combined with | Isoniazid and Ethambutol
Toxicity level must be monitored because there
is a higher chance of toxicity |
| Shortcut for “Isonicotinic acid hydrazide”
First line drug treatment for TB
Very effective synthetic antimycobacterial drug
against mycobacterium tuberculosis | Isoniazid |
| Isoniazid It inhibits the synthesis of __
component of the cell wall of mycobacterium
species | mycolic acid |
| Isoniazid is administered simultaneously with other drugs
such as __ to minimize the
development of drug resistance | Ethambutol |
| Isoniazid Adverse Effect | 1 hepatoxicity
2 peripheral neuropathy |
| Damage to the peripheral nerves and the
patient can feel weakness, numbness and pain
in the hands and feet | Peripheral neuropathy |
| It is a weak anti tubercular drug and its principal
use is secondary drug to avoid resistance
problems | Ethambutol |
| Ethambutol Adverse Effect | Optic neuritis |
| Red-Green colorblindness | Optic neuritis |
| Also known as “Pyrazine carboxamide”
Used in combination with other agents because
it can develop resistancy very fast | Pyrazinamide |
| Pyrazinamide Adverse effect | 1 hyperuricemia
2 hepatotoxicity (Liver toxicity) |
| It inhibits the incorporation of mycolic acid in
the cell wall | Ethionamide |
| Ethionamide Adverse Effects: | 1 Hepatotoxicity,
2 Peripheral neuritis |
| The first antibacterial agent / antibiotic for TB
It inhibits the protein synthesis
Adverse Effects: __, __ | Streptomycin
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity |
