| what research supports nurture | developmental and social area |
| Principle and concepts of the social area | how the environment influences our behaviour and thought processes and relationships
social area often uses observational methods |
| Key themes in the social area | Responses to people in authority (miligram and bocchiaro)
Responses to people in need |
| Eval for the social area | S- observational methods (to measure bhv , pillavin, levine etc) face v and ecological validity (done in natural environments so more realistic bhv ) and useful (application)
W- reductionist - narrow bhv down to one cause only looks at the environment/ surroundings you are in
ethics - miligram |
| What are applications for the social area | interventions such as positive role models
buddy systems in schools |
| Defining principle and concepts of the cognitive area | the mind is like a computer input , process and output
bhv is down to internal thinking processes and can be changed by external thinking processes
uses experimental and self report methods |
| Eval of the cognitive area | -deterministic - behaviour is determined by internal and external thinking processes
- reductionist - behaviour is reduced/ simplified down to one cause though processes
-methods used such as experiments and observation
-useful - interventions such as leading questions/ cognitive interview |
| Defining principle and concepts of the biological area | bhv can be explained through biological systems such brains,genes and hormones
often use experimental methods such as lab |
| The biological area evaluation | useful - strokes - rehab - brain plasicity
determinsitic/ reductionist - behaviour is due to biological systems
controlled - reliability
objective - psych as a science |
| developemental area princple and contexts | bhv develops throughout life particularly child hood
often do longitudional studies
both nuture and nature |
| key themes of developmental area | external influences on bhv
moral development |
| principle and concepts of the individual difference area | everyone is genetically unique
so everyone bhvs different as hbv varies
different
nomothetic approach - |
| eval of indivudal dff | sociallly sensitive - w- labelling e- yerkes s- understand and educate more
hollistic - multiple explanations - more insight - can become complex and hard to gather applications
generalisability
case srudy
useful - treatments - psychoanalyis - individual treatments as everyones diffwrent - cannot be applied to everyone |
| Reductionism definition | simplifing bhv down to one factor |
| hollism | looking at multiple explanations for bhv as it is too complex |
| Areas that can be considered reductionist | biological
behavourist
cognitive
social |
| areas that can be considered holistic | developmental
indivdual differences
psychodynamic |
| strengths of reductionism | cause and effect can be established - psych as a science
useful - specific targeted treatments aimed at factor |
| weaknesses of reductiionism | over simplifies bhv and its complexity doesnt explain all bhv as doesnt take in all factors |
| strenghs of hollism | looking at multiple factors can gain a more indepth understanding |
| hollistic weakness | not scientific as cannot manipulate ezplanations to create an iv so no cause and effect |
| Definition of nature | explains bhv as being inate ( from birth/inherited) |
| definition of nuture | explanation bhv as learned through experiences eg environment |
| eval of nature | uses objective measures - fmri, mri falsifiable supports psych as science
useful - help develop drug treatments to change individual biology
weakness - reductionst ignores over factors
determintistic |
| eval of nurture | observational methods either in control or natural = validity
useful - shows bhvs can be learned so social interventions
-reductionist - doesnt look a biology
dterminististic - only caused by an individuals experiences |
| Determinism debate | behaviour is caused by factor outside of our control / determined by this cause |
| free will debate | you have full responsibility over the outcome of your bhv |
| eval of determinism | if you can determine the cause you can put interventions to prevent - useful
they show a cause and effect - psych as a science
--cannot beheld responsible for their actions
--it is often reductionist - only offering one explanation but ignoring other factors |
| Eval for freewill | people can be held accountable for their actions
-- can lead to labelling such as bhvs with mental health also creates stigma |
| Individual debate | cause of bhv is due to your own personality or disposition |
| situational debate | the environmental context is the explanation for bhv |
| eval of individual | useful - individal tailorize treamnents such cbt
--- is reductionist only looking at personality ingoring the situation |
| eval for situational | useful - easier to change the situation than personality via interventions
---deterministic - ignores the role of freewilll |
| list some of the features of a science | - QUANTITATIVE - MANIPULATION OF VARIABLES
- CAUSE AND EFFECT - FALSIFIABILITY - OBJECTIVE
- CONTROLLED |
| Strengths of psych as science | - not subjective to interpretation
- high in validity
- reliability is controlled |
| weaknesses of scientific approach | high control - low eco can validity
generalisability can be low
deterministic |
| ethnocentric bias | only looking at once culture or country biased to how they intrepretate the bias |
| what is sampling bias | the smaple doesnt represent the population of interest |
| Ethical considerations | why does somethig need to be unethical - see real bhv and that |
| socially sensitive research s and w | strength is you can gain a wider understanding and educate
weaknesses it can cause labelling , upset people etc |
| Research that support individualistic | - casey between high and low delayers ( biological area and maguire)
- individual differences area |
| research that supports situational | miligram and bandura ( social area)
developmental ( experiences like who you are around / social learning theory shapes your bhv) |
| Research that supports hard determinism | biological
individual differences
developmental |
| research that supports soft determinism/free will | cognitive and social |
| Nature research | biological area |
| nurture | developmental and social area |
