| Who discovered the first antibiotic? | Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 but it wasn't used for treatment at the time |
| Talk about sulfadrugs | First drugs to be used by pharmaceuticals, they are chemically synthetic medications. |
| When was penicillin first used as an antibiotic? | 12 years after fleming, but since 30s alot of drug resistance among bacteria had occured. |
| Talk about natural antibiotics. | they are antibiotics produced by microbes. All these microbes have sporulation process, and anitbiotics are produced after we gather those microbes, purify the antibiotic and make it into a medication
Usually these microbes are not harmful so we can use them for good, but bacteria will gain resistance against this antibiotic. |
| List the antibiotic types. | Narrow spectrum (works on few bacteria, 1 or 2)
Broad Spectrum (destroy a lot of types of bacteria) |
| Talk about superinfections. | When we do suppression by taking excessive antibiotics bacteria may take advantage to create a new very strong infection (example Candida sitting on 1 chair and E coli on 99 , death of E coli leads to multiplying Candida and thus superinfection) so we should use antibiotics carefully and not excessively |
| Talk about porins | big channels for gram - bacteria some antibiotics are too big to fit through the pores so these bacteria will be resistant to these antibiotics. (vancomycin for example) |
| What is the addition effect of antibiotics? | medication X five 20% recovery and Y gives 30% and both together will give 50% |
| What is the synergic effect of antibiotics? | Medication X gives 20% and Y gives 30% and both together give 70% (amplifying collective effect) |
| What is indifference effect? | The two medications do not affect each other (same percentages) |
| What is antagonism? | One inhibits the other. |
| What do we mean by bactericidal? | kill bacteria irreversibly |
| What do we mean by bacteriostatic? | Growth will stop but bacteria still alive |
| What do we mean by bacterial resistance? | Inability for bacteria to be inhibited or destroyed by an antibiotic
So if a bacteria cannot inhibit the growth of bacteria or destroy it we call it resistant But at a level tolerated by host (if we use it in high amounts it might kill our body) |
| Talk about resistance acquisition. | Horizontal transmission during binary fission, transmitted not in a predicitable way and may dissipate (disappear)
Chromosomally mediated (for example porins of gram- bacteria against vancomycin)
Plasmid mediated (unevenly distributed after replication)
Plasmid mediated through transposition (most dangerous so vertical transmission) |
| What do we mean by MDR and PDR? | multiple drug resistant antibiotics and pan drug resistant (all drugs) |
| Give an example on resistance of bacteria. | Staph aureus releasing beta lactamase so beta lactams cannot act on it, including penicillin G (plasmid mediated)
Porin in gram - angainst vancomycin
efflux pump affinity to antibiotics sending them outside the cell |
| What are the modes of actions of antibiotics? | They act on cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, cell membrane function, nucleic acid synthesis, and metabolic pathways |
