| PCR – | Denaturation, annealing, synthesis. copies short specific pieces of DNA. PCR uses temperature for denaturation and annealing and replicates a smaller section of DNA |
| Restriction Enzymes – | cut DNA at a specific sequence |
| •DNA ligase – | pastes two pieces of DNA together |
| •Plasmids – | move DNA;Small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria DNA can be inserted into plasmids and grown in bacteria |
| •Viruses – | move DNA |
| •Gel electrophoresis – | separates DNA by size |
| •DNA probes – | bind to specific sequences of DNA |
| Tissue culture – | grow individual cells in a dish |
| How recombinant proteins are made | (cut gene for protein, cut plasmid, paste gene into plasmid, make bacteria take up recombinant plasmid and make protein |
| example of a recombinant protein in use today | Use bacteria, yeast or plants to make proteins cheaply
Research purpose
Insulin for diabetics |
| How DNA forensics works (STRs) | STR- going to certain locations where four nucleotide sequences repeat to identify a person. |
| How DNA sequencing (Sanger /Chain Termination method) works, | the user mixes a low ratio of chain-terminating ddNTPs in with the normal dNTPs in the PCR reaction. |
| how DNA sequcing is different
from regular PCR | Sanger sequencing is used to generate every possible length of DNA up to the full length of the target DNA while PCR is used to duplicate the entire DNA sequence. |
| Human Genome Project: | 50% of genes found have unknown function, only 2% of
genome codes for genes, 50% of genome is made of “junk” DNA (transposons, repeats,
etc.) |
| Gene therapy: | viruses can be used to insert genes into chromosomes to cure a genetic
disease, |
| -How GMOs are made | GMOs are created by selecting and inserting a particular gene into a plant to produce a desired trait ex- golden rice. |
| example of a GMO in animal | Animal make a recombinant plasmid, inject the plasmid into the zygote, and implant Embry into a surrogate. Ex- goat milk that produces silk |
| How to clone an animal, 1st | 1.isolate an egg cell from one sheep and a mammary cell from another. Remove the nucleus from the egg cell. |
| How to clone an animal, 2nd | 2. Fuse the mammary cell, including its nucleus, with the egg cell. |
| How to clone an animal, 3rd | 3. Initiate cell division. 4. Grow the embryo in culture. |
| How to clone an animal,4th | 4. Grow the embryo in culture. |
| How to clone an animal, 5th | 5. Transplant the embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother sheep. |
| How to clone an animal 6th | 6.The surrogate mother gives birth to cloned sheep. |
| cloning myths | clones have memories of original, clones are zombies, clones will act like their original |
| Genome editing: how CRISPR/Cas 9 works- | edits genes by precisely cutting DNA and then letting natural DNA repair processes take over. Cas9 then cuts the strands of DNA at that point and removes a small piece, causing a gap in the DNA where a new piece of DNA can be added. |
| How DNA probes work- | A probe is a single-stranded sequence of DNA or RNA used to search for its complementary sequence in a sample genome. The probe is placed into contact with the sample under conditions that allow the probe sequence to hybridize with its complementary sequence |
| Stem cells: different “potencies”, | -totipotent (can be a new organism or any cell type)
-pluripotent (most cell types)
-multipotent (some cell types)
-unipotent (one cell type) |
| Stem cells: three properties of stem cells, | 1.Undifferentiated (unspecialized) cells.
2.Can divide for long periods of time.
3.Can make many different kinds of specialized cells. |
| Stem cells: how induced stem cells are made, | made by taking stem cells from an embryo and putting them in a dish to replicate. |
| Stem cells: induced stem problems | - Problems are- embryos have to be “killed” |
| how scientists make stem cell “lines” | a researcher removes the outer layer of the five-day-old blastocyst then puts the remaining portion on a lab dish containing factors that allow cells of the inner cell mass to grow and thrive.(-Organs can be grown in a petri dish or 3D printed) |
| Why Sequence the Genome? | • To find genes.
• Molecular Medicine
• Risk Assessment |
| what type of diseases can (and cannot) be treated with gene therapy, | In clinical trials for many diseases,Can only be used for single-gene diseases |
| problems that have occurred with gene therapy, | allergies,
leukemia (cancer), etc. |
