| What is coding? | The process of converting information from one form to another. Once it gets into the memory system, it is stored in different formats, depending on the memory store. |
| What was Baddeley's study? | Understand coding in the STM and LTM.
Group 1: acoustically simliar words
Group 2: acoustically dissimilar words
Group 3: Semantically similar
Group 4: Semantically dissimilar |
| What was the procedure of Baddely's study? | Recall the list immediatley for STM recall and 20 minutes later for LTM recall. |
| Results of Baddely's study? | For STM, tend to do worse with acoustically similar words
For LTM, tended to do worse with semantically similar words
Suggests: STM is coded acoustically and LTM is coded semantically. |
| Strength of Baddely's study? (3) | High generisability, more likely to be repersentative (72 ppts)
High ecological validity, real life application
High reliability, due to standardised procedures |
| Weakness of Baddely's? (2) | Not repersenative by splitting participants into 4 different groups
Low ecological validity due to lack of mundane realism and it being in a lab. |
| What is capcity? | Refers to the amount of information that can be held in a memory store |
| What was jacods study and procedure and pariticipants? | Measured digit span.
Had to read a list and add a digit a time and the one they got up to was their digit span
443 female ppts, aged 8-19 |
| Results of Jacobs study? | Mean span for digits across all participants was 9.3 items
and 7.3 span for letters. |
| Strength of Jacob's study? (3) | High generisability, more likely to be repersentative
High ecological validity, real life application
High reliability, due to standardised procedures |
| Weakness of Jacob's study? | Gender bias, age bias, doesnt consider age as a factor
Low ecological, lack of mundane realism and it took place in a lab too. |
| What was Miller's study? | To support capacity of STM and Jacob's study
Found that the capacity of STM was 7 plus of minus 2 items.
Chunking allowed for 5 words can be recalled just as well as 5 letters. |
| What was Bahrick's study, procedure and particiapnts? | Testing duration of LTM
1. Photo-recongnition, 50 photos of some of participants high school yearbook
2. Free recall test, recalled all the names of thier graduating class.
392 ppts, from Ohio ages 17-74 |
| Results of Bahrick's study? | Within 15 years of graduation were 90% accurate in photo recognition and 60% with free recall.
AFter 48 years, recongition for photos was 70% and 30% for free recall. |
| Strengths of Bahrick's study? (2) | High generalisability, high sample with good age range
High ecological validity, can be applied to real life, task is realistic |
| Weakness of Bahrick's study? (3) | Low generalisability, cultural bias from Ohio
Low ecological, takes place in a lab envrionment
Unable to explain why there is come decline in recall accuracy. |
