| defects involving what kind of blood flow are the most common congenital heart defects | increased pulmonary blood flow |
| what percent of VSD’s close spontaneously | 50% |
| tetralogy of fallot involves a combination of four defects | 1. pulmonary stenosis
2. VSD
3. right ventricular hypertrophy
4. overriding aorta |
| in transportation of the great vessels, the pulmonary artery arises form the left ventricle and the aorta arises from the | right ventricle |
| palliative procedures to provide mixing, either by enlarging an atrial septal defect that is already present or by creating one by | pulling a balloon catheter through the atrial septum |
| clinical manifestations of coarctation of the aorta, the blood pressure in the arms is | 20mm Hg higher than that in the legs |
| other manifestations of coactation of the aorta include | leg cramping |
| iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent disorder in | infancy and early childhood |
| the incidence of iron deficiency anemia peaks between ages | 6-24 months in children from lower-income backgrounds |
| infants who are not breast fed should receive iron-fortified formulas for the first | 9-12 months |
| recommended daily allowance of iron for infants between the ages of 7 and 12 months is | 11mg of iron per day |
| toddlers require how much iron per day | 7 mg |
| hypoproliferative is | defective production of erythrocytes |
| when the hemoglobin falls below 5g/dl the child has | anorexia, skin pallor, pale mucous membranes |
| citrus fruits or juices with what supplements may be advisable | iron |
| with sickle cell anemia, the erythrocyte changed from its characteristic round shape to | an elongated crescent shape (sickled cell) |
| as sickle cells clump, circulation slows, resulting in | obstruction with severe tissue hypoxia and necrosis ‘ |
| sickling is an intermittent phenomenon, the usual precipitating factors are | infection, fever, hypoxemia, dehydration, high attitudes, cold, or emotional stress |
| two diagnostic tests for sickle cell anemia are | SICKLEDEX for screening purposes, and hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine whether the patient has sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease |
| with sickle cell disease children younger than what age are at the highest risk for death | 5 |
| with hemophilia factors what are deficient or absent | 8 and 9 (VIII and IX) |
| diagnostic tests for hemophilia are | abnormal prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT) |
| regular injection of what hormone helps in preventing bleeding from occurring | desmopressin (DDVAP) |
| RICE method is used for hemophilia when external bleeding occurs | R: rest
I: ice
C: compression
E: elevation |
| idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is characterized by | a marked decrease in the number of circulating platelets |
| ITP onset is frequently among children aged | 2-10 years |
| ITP clinical manifestations | ecchymosis, pinpoint petechial rash are usually the first signs |
| leukemia medical management: prophylactic treatment is given through what route | intrathecal (where the drug is injected directly into the spinal fluid) |
| hodgkin’s lymphoma is distinguished by | painless enlargement of lymphoid tissue, fever, night sweats and weight loss |
| the most common sites for hodgkin’s lymphoma to develop are | chest, neck, underarms, and groin |
| primary immunodeficiency disorders result from | genetic or congenital abnormalities |
| secondary immunodeficiency disorders (most common form) are disorders acquired in | association with certain drug therapies such as corticosteroids |
| HIV targets the | CD4+ molecules, especially the T helper lymphocytes |
| a normal CD4+ count is 500/uL to 1600/uL, and severe immune problems occur when the CD4+ count drops below | 200/uL |
| the greatest threat to an HIV infected infant is | pneumonia |
| two tests for HIV | ELISA and western blot |
| juvenile idiopathic arthritis may manifest as early as | 6 months of age |
| in most affected children, juvenile idiopathic arthritis is diagnosed by age | 16 |
| respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a deficiency of | surfactant |
| RDS occurs almost exclusively in | preterm infants of low birth weight |
| RDF occurs more frequently in | boys delivered by caesarean section |
| RDF: without sufficient production of surfactant, the infant is unable to keep the lungs inflated and the alveoli collapse at the end of expiration, resulting in | hypoxia, atelectasis, and respiratory acidosis |
| RDF clinical manifestations | nasal flaring, expiratory grunting |
| bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a disorder that develops in | premature infants |
| BPD arises in association with mechanism aspiration, RDS, high concentrations of o2, positive pressure ventilation and | endotracheal intubation |
| BPD clinical manifestations | respiratory distress (wheezing, retracting, nasal flaring, irritability, abundant secretions, and cyanosis when stressed) |
| pneumonia is classified according to the causative agent: | bacterial, viral, myocoplasmal, or foreign body aspirations |
| viral pneumonia’s are more common than | bacterial pneumonia’s |
| acute pharyngitis (sore throat) occurs frequently between the ages | 4-12 |
| croup: laryngotracheobronchitis and acute epiglottitis is marked by | resonant barking cough, suffocating and difficult breathing, and laryngeal spasm |
| croup pathophysiology: the inflamed epiglottis becomes | cherry-red and edematous, which has the potential to lead to total airway obstruction |
| medical management of croup focuses on | maintaining patency of the airway |
| respiratory syncytial virus and bronchiolitis: what is the organism responsible for most cases | RSV |
| bronchiolitis occurs in children younger than | 2 years |
| cystic fibrosis is a disorder of the exocrine (mucus-producing) glands, with the characteristic presence of | thick mucus that obstructs the lungs and the gastrointestinal (GI) system |
| cystic fibrosis diagnostic tests: a sweat chloride level higher than | 60 mEq/L |
| the normal sweat chloride level for infants 6 months and younger and over 6 months | 29 and 39 |
| a combination of cleft lip and palate is more common than | an isolated occurrence of either |
| nursing interventions for cleft palate | promote bonding between the parents and the infant |
| “currant jelly” stools | feces mixed with blood and mucus from the intestinal mucosa |
| clinical manifestations of hirschsprung’s disease | failure to pass meconium stool within 48 hours and ribbon-like foul smelling stools |
| types of hernias | diaphragmatic: abdominal organs
hiatal: stomach through esophagus
inguinal: loop of intestine
umbilical: protrusion of intestine |
| kernig’s sign | resistance to knee extension in supine position with hips and knees flexed against torso |
| brudzinski’s sign | flexion of the knees and hips when neck is flexed rapidly onto the chest |
| botulinum jelly (botox) is a drug used in the treatment of spasticity for | cerebral palsy |
| chelation therapy | the use of a compound to bind to a toxic substance and render it nonactive and thus nontoxic |
| down syndrome clinical manifestations | low-set ears and a simian crease of the palmar side of the hand |
| recurrent abdominal pain is episodes of abdominal pain that recur monthly for | at least 3 months |
| the ductus arteriosus is a fetal artery that connects the pulmonary artery to | the aorta |
| patent ductus arteriosus:
failure of the ductus arteriosus to close within the first weeks of life allows oxygenated blood to shunt from the high pressure aorta to | the low pressure pulmonary artery |
| atrial septal defect:
an abnormal opening in the atrial septum that enables oxygenated blood to flow from the high pressure left atrium to the | lower pressure right atrium |
| ventricular septal defect:
an abnormal opening in the interventricular septum, resulting in the flow of oxygenated blood from the higher pressure left ventricle to the | lower pressure right ventricle |
| tetralogy of fallot: | 1. pulmonary stenosis
2. VSD
3. right ventricular hypertrophy
4. overriding aorta |
| transportation of the great vessels: the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta arises from | the right ventricle |
| coarctation of the aorta:
narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, resulting in increased pressure proximal to | the defect |
