| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| are a group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities. | Tissues |
| They include various types, ranging from hard (bone) to semisolid (fat) to liquid (blood). | Tissues |
| is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues – it is a
branch of pathology | Histology |
| What are the four basic tissue types: | 1. Epithelial tissues
2. Connective tissues
3. Muscular tissues
4. Nervous tissues |
| cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body
cavities, and ducts. | Epithelial tissues |
| protect, support, and bind organs. | Connective tissues |
| Is a type of connective tissue that stores energy | Fat |
| Generate the physical force needed to make body structures
move. They also generate heat used by the body. | Muscular tissue |
| These detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve
impulses. | Nervous tissues |
| Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers: | Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm |
| Connective tissue and muscles are derived from ________ | Mesoderm |
| Nervous tissues are derived from ___________ | Ectoderm |
| Nervous tissue, outer skin later, sense organs, mouth, sinuses, and teeth | Ectoderm |
| Digestive tract, lungs and respiratory tract, and bladder | Endoderm |
| Muscles, bones, cartilage, blood and vessels, lymph tissue, parts of kidneys and gonads | Mesoderm |
| is used to line surfaces and form protective barriers. It is
also good at secreting things like mucous, hormones, and other
substances. | Epithelium |
| are closely attached together with gap junctions | Cells |
| are named according to the shape of their cells, and the thickness or
arrangement of their layers (of cells). | Epithelia |
| is composed of a single layer of flat cells found:
In the air sacs of lungs
In the lining of blood vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels
In all capillaries, including those of the kidney
As the major part of a serous membrane | Simple squamous epithelium |
| o is composed of a single layer of cube
shaped cells.
o It is often found lining the tubules of the
kidneys and many other glands. | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
| forms a single layer of column-like cells, ± cilia, ± microvilli, ± mucous (goblet cells).
o Goblet cells are simple columnar cells that have differentiated to acquire the ability to secrete mucous. | Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| o appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. In reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend to the apical surface.
o Ciliated tissue has goblet cells that secrete mucous. | Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium |
| has an apical surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells.
The other layers have different shapes, but the name is based on the
apical layer.
The many layers are ideal for protection against strong friction forces. | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| o has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells.
o Locations include the sweat glands and part of the ♂ urethra
o is very rare, and for our purposes, hardly worth mentioning. | Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
| change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue. | Transitional Epithelium |
| The apical “dome cells” of the top layer (seen here in relaxation) are an identifiable feature and signify an empty bladder . | Transitional Epithelium |
| is a prominent feature of the outer layers of the skin. | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels. | Simple squamous |
| is common in the digestive tract | Columnar |
| is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract. | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| It is found in the bladder | Transitional |
| lines ducts and sweat glands | Cuboidal |
| is a specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary – it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood. | Endothelium |
| is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum. | Mesothelium |
| are the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the
body – they are also the most heterogeneous of the tissue groups. | Connective tissues |
| is the main protein of C.T. and the most abundant protein in the body,
making up about 25% of total protein content. | Collagen |
| is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves. | Connective tissue |
| is a non-cellular material located between and around the
cells. | Extracellular matrix |
| t consists of protein fibers and ground substance (the ground substance may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified.) | Extracellular matrix |
| are the most numerous cell of connective tissues. These cells secrete
protein fibers (collagen, elastin, & reticular fibers) and a “ground
substance” which varies from one C.T. to another. | Fibroblasts |
| Makes the various cartilaginous connective tissue | Chondrocytes |
| Store triglycerides | Adipocytes |
| Makes up bones | Osteocytes |
| are part of the blood | White blood cells |
| are the “big eaters” that swallow and destroy invaders or debris. They can be fixed or wandering. | Macrophages |
| Blood | monocyte |
| Liver | Kupffer cells |
| Skin | Langerhans |
| Connective tissue | Histiocytes |
| Nervous system | Microglia |
| Bone | Osteoclasts |
| are also macrophages (“small eaters”) that are numerous in the blood. | Neutrophils |
| play an important role in inflammation. | Mast cells and eosinophils |
| Basophil in the blood | Mast cell |
| Secrete antibody proteins and attack invaders | Lymphocytes |
| C.T. cells secrete 3 common fibers: | o Collagen fibers
o Elastin fibers
o Reticular fibers |
| o Mesenchyme
o Mucous connective tissue | Embryonic connective tissue |
| o Loose connective tissue
o Dense connective tissue
o Cartilage
o Bone
o Liquid | Mature connective tissue |
| gives rise to all other connective tissues. | Mesenchyme |
| is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord and is a rich source of stem cells | Mucous Connective Tissue (Wharton's Jelly) |
| Is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several types of cells and all three fiber types. | Areolar Connective Tissue |
| It is used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and as a packing between glands, muscles, and nerves. | Areolar Connective Tissue |
| Adipose tissue is located in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and around organs and joints. | Loose areolar |
| It reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy source. | Loose areolar |
| is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells. | Reticular connective tissue |
| it forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes | Reticular connective tissue |
| consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly
arranged. | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| It provides strength when forces are pulling from many different directions. | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| comprise tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments where the
need for strength along one axis is mandatory (a muscle pulling on a
bone). | Dense regular connective tissue |
| consists predominantly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers.
It allows stretching of certain tissues like the elastic arteries (the aorta). | Elastic connective tissue |
| is a tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly. When injured or
inflamed, repair is slow. | Cartilage |
| is the most abundant type of cartilage; it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.
It provides a smooth surface for joint movement. | Hyaline cartilage |
| with its thick bundles of collagen fibers, is a very strong, tough cartilage.
Fibrocartilage discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints
support the huge loads up and down the long axis of the body | Fibrocartilage |
| consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers.
It makes up the malleable part of the external ear and the epiglottis. | Elastic cartilage |
| is a connective tissue with a calcified intracellular matrix. In the right
circumstances, the chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the osteocytes that make up bone tissue. | Bone |
| As we have seen, blood has many cells. It also has fibers (such
as fibrin that makes blood clot). | Blood and lymph |
| Tendons
Ligaments
Attachments between organs
Dermis of the skin | Dense fibrous connective tissue |
| Liver
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow | Reticular connective tissue |
| Lung tissue
Arteries | Elastic connective tissue |
| Packing between glands
Muscles and nerves
Attachment between skin and underlying tissue | Loose connective tissue |
| Ends of long bones
Joints
Respiratory tubes
Costal cartilage of ribs
Nasal cartilage
Embryonic skeleton | Hyaline cartilage |
| Auditory tube
External ear
Epiglottis | Elastic cartilage |
| Connection between pubic bones
Intervertebral disks | Fibrocartilage |
| are the last of the 4 basic tissue types. | Muscles and nerve tissues |
| are considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability, the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials | Neurons and muscle fibers |
| can propagate (travel) along the plasma membrane of a
neuron or muscle fiber due to the presence of specific voltage-gated ion channels | Action potentials |
| Type of muscular tissue found in the skeleton | Skeletal muscles |
| Functions in movement, heat, and posture | Skeletal muscle |
| Appears to be striated, multinucleated (eccentric), fibers are parallel | Skeletal muscle |
| Muscular tissue that has voluntary control | Skeletal muscle |
| This type of muscle can be found in the heart | Cardiac muscle |
| Functions in pumping blood continuously | Cardiac muscle |
| It appears to be striated and it has one central nucleus | Cardiac muscle |
| It has involuntary muscle control | Cardiac muscle |
| It is found in the GI Tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels | Smooth muscle |
| It functions in the peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hair | Smooth muscle |
| It has no striations, one central nucleus | Smooth muscle |
| gather information at dendrites and process it in the dendritic tree and
cell body | Neurons |
| Then they transmit the information down their axon to the axon terminals. | Neurons |
| Supportive cells of the nervous system | Neuroglia |
| Nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord | Peripheral Nervous System |
| Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells | Peripheral Nervous System |
| For the brain and the spinal cord | Central Nervous System |
| - produce myelin for the CNS | Oligodendrocytes |
| - macrophage of the nervous system for phagocytosis | Microglia |
| Looks like stars | Astrocytes |
| Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia | Satellite Cells |
| Regulate 02, C02, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia | Satellite Cells |
| Surround axons in PNS
Are responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
Participate in repair process after injury | Schwann Cells |
| Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord)
Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid | Ependymal Cells |
| Myellnate CNS axons
Provide structural framework | Oligodendrocytes |
| Maintain blood-brain barrier
Provide structural support
Regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations
Absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
Form scar tissue after injury | Astrocytes |
| Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by
phagocytosis | Microglia |
| are the simplest organs in the body, constructed of only epithelium and a little bit of connective tissue. | Epithelial membranes |
| line “interior” body surfaces open to the outside | Mucous Membranes |
| Lines some internal surfaces | Serous membranes |
| as a cutaneous membrane | Skin |
| enclose certain joints and are made of connective tissue only | Synovial membranes |
| is only present in synovial membranes; it can found in the joints of the body. | Connective tissue |
| Most abundant that contains a lot of fluid | Knee joints |
| are another example of simple organs | Epithelial glands |
| Glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood are
called ___________ | endocrine glands |
| Glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct are called ________ | exocrine glands |
| secrete substances through ducts to the surface of the skin or into the lumen of a hollow organ. | Exocrine glands |
| Example of exocrine glands | Sudoriferous (sweat) glands |
| is the most common manner of secretion. | Merocrine secretion |
| bud” their secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing
membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland. | Apocrine glands |
| The end of the cell breaks off by ________, leaving a milky, viscous
odorless fluid. | decapitation |
| This type of sweat only develops a strong odor when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface. | Apocrine glands |
| secrete an oily substance called sebum, a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts. | Sebaceous glands |
| coats the surface of hairs and helps keep them from drying and becoming brittle. it also prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft and pliable, and inhibits the growth of some (but not all) bacteria. | Sebum |
| are produced by rupture of the plasma membrane, releasing the
entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell (cells are replaced by rapid division of stem cells.) | Holocrine secretions |
| is an example of a holocrine gland, because its secretion (sebum) is released with remnants of dead cells. | Sebaceous glands |
| A convenient way to refer to certain cells when discussing a tissue is __________ or __________ | Parenchyma or Stroma |
| consist of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ. | Parenchymal cells |
| are everything else—connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves. | Stroma |
| is interesting. Because organ-specific function usually centers on
parenchymal cells (“how’s your heart working?”), histological and physiological descriptions of the tissues of an organ often emphasize parenchyma. | Parenchyma |
| commonly ignored as just boring background tissue. No
organ, however, can function without the mechanical and nutritional support provided by the stroma. | Stroma |
| All of these processes create an actively growing connective tissue
called _______ | Granulation tissue |
