| Who is the ACT test used on? | All interventional patients. It is a point of care testing |
| On average what should be the O2 concentration in the right atrium when it returns from the body? | 75% |
| What does a hemodynamic evaluation cover? | valve area, intracardiac pressures, cardiac output, and O2 saturation |
| Angiography | X-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the heart and blood vessels after the intravascular introduction of radiopaque contrast medium. |
| when was the first catheter put into the right atrium of a human? | 1929 |
| what is a swan-ganz catheter? | A balloon tipped flow guided catheter created in 1970 |
| What was the dotter technique? | Using small catheters and slowly increasing the size to force the lumens open |
| what is another name for the dotter technique? | Transluminal angioplasty |
| who performed the first balloon angioplasty? | Andreas Gruentzig |
| Who was the first person to place a catheter in the right atrium? | Werner Fossman |
| what was a major CVIS thing that a doctor did in 1953? | Dr. Sven Seldinger performed the first femoral artery catheter to the heart. |
| Who created transseptal catheterization in 1959? | Ross and Cope |
| What is significant about Dr. Judkin's work in 1967? | Created curved catheters |
| what did Dr. John Simpsons create in 1982? | first over wire angioplasty balloons |
| what is the first FDA approved CVIS tool? 1993 | coil stent |
| in 2002, what did the FDA approve for the first time? | Drug eluting stent |
| in 2002, what procedure was created that can help with aortic valve stenosis? | Transcatheter aortic valve replacement |
| who created x-rays | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
| When was the x-ray machines created? | 1895 |
| who termed cardiac catheterization? | Claude Bernard |
| what did William Harvey conclude about the body? | That the blood in an animal is impelled in a circle and is in a state of ceaseless motion. |
| why is contrast used? | The blood vessels are the same density as the tissue around them with out the contrast |
| what did Walter Dandy create? | pneumoencephalogram |
| Who replaced the "cut down" approach with the percutaneous method? | Dr. Sven Seldinger |
| What does POBA mean? | Plain old balloon angioplasty |
| what is the first corner stone of CVIS? | safe catheter insertion |
| what is the second corner stone of CVIS? | hemodynamic measurements |
| what is the third corner stone of CVIS? | quality angiography |
| what is the fourth and last corner stone of CVIS? | integration of procedural findings with the clinical assessment |
| what is the restenosis rate of a regular balloon? | 40% |
| what is the restenosis rate of a bare metal stent? | 20-30% |
| what is the restenosis rate of drug-eluting stents? | 5-20% |
| what does a patient need for at least one year after a drug-eluting stent is placed? | anticoagulants |
| what does "ALARA" mean? | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
| what does ACT mean? | Activated Clotting Time |
| What is cardiac out-put? | the amount of blood discharged from either ventricle per minute |
| What did Dr. Henry Zimmerman do in 1949? | created a retrograde technique to measure pressures in left ventricle |
| Who used the brachial artery around 1959? | Dr. Mason Sones |
| what does "retrograde" mean? | against the flow of blood |
| what does "antegrade" mean? | with the flow of blood |
| what causes re-occlusions? | neointimal hyperplasia |
| what role in an OR would be responsible for administering medications? | Circulator |
| what role in the OR would be responsible for calculating the ejaculation fraction? | Monitor |
| What role in the OR is responsible for helping the physician change catheters and wires? | Scrub |
| Who performed the first Saphenous vein bypass in 1967? | Dr. Rene Favaloro |
| who recorded the ventricular pressures of a horse? | Claude Bernard |
| who performed 1st diagnostic catherization in 1941 | Cournard and Richards |
| on average what should the O2 concentration be in the left atrium? | 98% |
| On average what should be the O2 concentration in the right atrium when it returns from the body? | 75% |
| why did the use of pneumoencephalogram mostly stop? | CT scans were created |
| What was an "Aortic Root Shot"? | it shows the coronary arteries coming out of the aorta with use of contrast |
| What did Stephen Hales do in 1711? | the first person to measure blood pressure. He also invented several devices, including a ventilator |
| How is a Pneumoencephalogram performed? | 10cc's of spinal fluid is replaced with air, the patient is then tilted and spun until the air bubble reaches the ventricles in the brain |
| Why is air pushed into the brain's ventricles during a pneumoencephalogram? | The air is a different density than the brain tissue, so we are able to visualize the shape of the ventricles |
| post World War 2 what CVIS thing was a growing topic/interest | congenital heart defects and right heart catheterization |
| what is a vagal response | the nervous system that regulates heart rate and blood pressure malfunctions in response to a trigger such a pain |
| what is Facilitated PCI? | use of thrombolytic agents for myocardial infarctions |
| what is facilitated PCI still used for? | Patients have heart attacks in small hospitals before they are transported for treatment. |
| What limited the use of x-rays? | Overheated due to how many images per second needed for CVIS |
| How is the percutaneous method (Seldinger Technique) Performed? | hollow needle is used, then the wire is poke through needle, needle is removed and catheter is inserted over the wire |
| what is the "cut down approach" (Sones Method)? | a vein is surgically exposed for access, causes lot of trauma |
| Who used hollow reeds and colored dyes to understand how blood flow worked? | Christopher Wren |
| how is a selective coronary angiography performed? | The catheter is placed in a coronary artery, this provides a more detailed image of a specific area and multiple angles |
| What is non-selective angiography? | The catheter is placed in the aortic root and a large amount of contrast in injected. only provides one angle for an image. |
| What catheter can be used in and out the cath lab? | The Swan-Ganz catheter can be used in ICU |
| what is the fancy name for scar tissue after a stent is placed? | Neointimal Hyperplasia |
| Who is the ACT test used on? | All interventional patients. It is a point of care testing |
| What did Andreas Gruentzig perform in 1977? | Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| who helped Dotter create his technique? | Dr. Judkins |
| Why do we treat more than one blood vessel now? | drug-eluting stents lowered the restenosis rate so it is safe now |
| What is embolization used for? | stops bleeding in tumors, wounds, or graphs |
