| It enables the parasite to move in a circular manner | Undulating membrane |
| It enables the parasite to move in a circular manner | Undulating membrane |
| It enables the parasite to move in a circular manner | Undulating membrane |
| It enables the parasite to move in a circular manner | Undulating membrane |
| It enables the parasite to move in a circular manner | Undulating membrane |
| It enables the parasite to move in a circular manner | Undulating membrane |
| Retortamonas intestinalis':
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Large intestine |
| the
living together of unlike organisms. It may also
involve protection or other advantages to one
or both organisms. | Symbiosis |
| a symbiotic
relationship in which two species live together
and one species benefits from the relationship | Commensalism |
| A parasite
living inside the body | Endoparasite |
| parasite living outside
the body | Ectoparasite |
| presence of an endoparasite in a host | Infection |
| presence of an ectoparasite
on a host | Infestation |
| it is found in an organ
which is not its usual habitat | Erratic |
| they need a host
at some stage of their life cycle to complete
their development and to propagate their
species. | obligate parasites |
| may exist in a free-living
state or may become parasitic when the need | facultative parasite |
| A parasite, which establishes itself in a
host where it does not ordinarily live | accidental or incidental parasite |
| Parasites that remains on or in the body of the host
for its entire life, | Permanent Parasite |
| A parasite that lives on the host only for a short period of time. | temporary parasite |
| free-living organism that
passes through the digestive tract without
infecting the host. | Spurius parasite |
| one in
which the parasite attains sexual maturity. | Definitive host |
| harbors
the asexual or larval stage of the parasite. | Asexual host |
| one in which the
parasite does not develop further to later stages.However, the parasite remains alive and is able
to infect another susceptible host. | Paratenic Host |
| They allow the parasite’s life
cycle to continue and become additional
sources of human infection. | Reservoir host |
| responsible for transmitting the
parasite from one host to another. | Vectors |
| transmits the parasite only after the
latter has completed its development within
the host. | Biologic Vector |
| only transports the parasite. | Mechanical vector |
| harbors a particular pathogen without
manifesting any signs and symptoms. | Carrier |
| the process of inoculating an infective agent, | Exposure |
| connotes the establishment of
the infective agent in the host. | Infection |
| the period between
infection and evidence of symptoms | Incubation period |
| period between
infection or acquisition of the parasite and
evidence or demonstration of infection. | biologic incubation period |
| when an infected
individual becomes his own direct source of
infection. | Autoinfection |
| The most common sources for parasitic infection are: | contaminated soil and water. |
| Examples of parasites from night soil or infected soil | Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura,
Strongyloides stercoralis, and hookworm. |
| Examples of parasites from contaminated water (cysts) | cysts of amebae or
flagellates, as well as cercariae of Schistosoma |
| which may contain the infective stage of
the parasite, as exemplified by a number of? | trematode and cestode infections |
| Consumption
of undercooked or raw freshwater fish are present with what type of parasites? | intestinal and liver fluke
infections. |
| Raw crabs are considered a delicacy
in areas where ____is endemic. | paragonimiasis |
| raw Bullastra snails are associated with
___ infection. | Artyfechinostomum malayanum |
| Mosquitoes are vectors of ? | malaria and filaria
parasites. |
| Triatoma bugs are carriers of
____ causing Chagas disease. | Trypanosoma cruzi |
| Sand flies (e.g., Phlebotomus spp.) are the
natural vectors of all types of ____. | Leishmania. |
| the infected
person himself is the source of infection is seen
in the life cycles of Capillaria philippinensis,
Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, and
Strongyloides stercoralis. | Autoinfection w |
| Majority of infections with cestodes, trematodes,
and intestinal protozoans are foodborne: such as? | Taenia
solium, Taenia saginata, and Diphyllobothrium
latum from eating food harboring the infective
larval stages; |
| are parasites from drinking water contaminated with
cysts; | Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia
lamblia |
| Are parasites
through ingesting raw or improperly cooked
freshwater fish containing infective larvae. | Clonorchis, Opistorchis, and Haplorchis |
| Skin penetration is another route of
transmission. ___
enter via exposure of skin to soil, | Hookworms and Strongyloides |
| __-- enter skin via water. | Schistosoma species |
| congenital transmission example. | Toxoplasma
gondii trophozoites can cross the placental
barrier during pregnancy. |
| the parasites may be transmitted through
mother’s milk. | Ancylostoma and Strongyloides, |
| Other ways of acquiring the infection
include inhalation of airborne eggs of ___ | Enterobius |
| sexual intercourse as in the case of | Trichomonas vaginalis. |
| study of patterns,
distribution, and occurrence of disease | Epidemiology |
| infection appearing in a population in a given
period of time. | Incidence |
| the number
(usually expressed as percentage) of individuals
in a population estimated to be infected with
a particular parasite species at a given time. | Prevalence |
| the percentage of
individuals in a population infected with at
least one parasite. | Cumulative prevalence |
| burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person. | Intensity of infection |
| morbidity. | Clinical consequences of infections or
diseases that affect an individual’s well-being |
| use of anthelminthic
drugs in an individual or a public health
program. | Deworming |
| refers to the number
(usually expressed as a percentage) of previously
positive subjects found to be egg negative
on examination of a stool or urine sample
using a standard procedure at a set time after
deworming. | Cure rate |
| the
percentage fall in egg counts after deworming
based on examination of a stool or urine sample
using a standard procedure at a set time after
the treatment. | Egg reduction rate (ERR) |
| involves individual-level
deworming with selection for treatment based
on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the
intensity of infection, or based on presumptive
grounds. | Selective treatment |
| group-level deworming where
the (risk) group to be treated (without prior
diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other
social characteristics irrespective of infection
status. | Targeted
treatment |
| population-level
deworming in which the community is treated
irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other
social characteristics. | Universal treatment |
| the regular, systematic, large-scale intervention
involving the administration of one or more
drugs to selected population groups with the
aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of
selected helminth infections. | Preventive Chemotherapy |
| the proportion of the
target population reached by an intervention. | Coverage |
| the effect of a drug against an
infective agent in ideal experimental conditions
and isolated from any context. | Efficacy |
| measure of the effect of a drug against
an infective agent in a particular host, living
in a particular environment with specific
ecological, immunological, and epidemiological
determinants. | Effectiveness |
| Entamoeba histolytica's:
Habitat?
Effect to host?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Colon
Pathogenic
Cyst and Trophozoite
Cyst
Ingestion/ fecal oral route |
| Entamoeba coli's:
Habitat?
Effect to host?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Colon
Non-pathogenic
Cyst and Trphozoite
Cyst
Ingestion/ fecal oral route |
| Endolimax nana's:
Habitat?
Effect to host?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Colon
Non-pathogenic
Cyst and Trophozoite
Cyst
Ingestion/ fecal oral route |
| Iodamoeba butschii's:
Habitat?
Effect to host?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Colon
Non- pathogenic
Cyst and Trophozoite
Cyst
Ingestion/ fecal oral route |
| Entamoeba gingivalis':
Habitat?
Effect to host?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Buccal cavity/ oral cavity
Non-pathogenic
Trophozoite
Trophozoite
Oral contact |
| Parasite for head louse? | Pediculus humanus capitis |
| Parasite for body louse? | Pediculus humanus coporis |
| Reservoir host for bever? | Gardia lamblia |
| Reservoir host for sheeps and cattles | Fasciola hepatica |
| It is the parasite ascaris for dogs | Toxocara canis |
| It is the parasite ascaris for cats? | Toxocara cati |
| Protozoan stage that is best visualized using iodine? | Cyst |
| Protozoan stage that is best visualized using permanent stains? | Trophozoite |
| Process of encystation? | Trophozoite --> Pre cyts --> Cyst |
| Process of excystation? | cyst --> metacystic trophozoite --> trophozoite |
| Entamoeba histolytica's:
Size of cyst
Number of nuclei in cyst
Chromatodial bodies
Size of trophozoite
Karyosome
Cytoplasmic inclusions | 10-2-0 um
1-4
cigar or bar shape
12-60 um
Indistinct and central
Ingested RBC and Bacteria |
| Entamoeba coli
Size of cyst
Number of nuclei in cyst
Chromatodial bodies
Size of trophozoite
Karyosome
Cytoplasmic inclusions | 10-35 um
1-8
Splintered ends w/ broomstick appearance
15-50 um
Eccentric (not in the middle)
Bacteria, food vacuoles and debri |
| Endolimax nana's:
Size of cyst
Number of nuclei in cyst
Chromatodial bodies
Size of trophozoite
Karyosome
Cytoplasmic inclusions | 5-10 um
4
Small spherical
6-12 um
Irregular or blot like
Bacteria, food vacuoles and debri |
| Iodamoeba butschii's:
Size of cyst
Number of nuclei in cyst
Chromatodial bodies
Size of trophozoite
Karyosome
Cytoplasmic inclusions | 5-20 um
1
No chromatoidal bodies but w/ large glycogen mass
8-20 um
Surrounded w/ achromatic granules (Sunflower type)
Bacteria, food vacuoles, and debri |
| Entamoeba gingivalis':
Size of cyst
Number of nuclei in cyst
Chromatodial bodies
Size of trophozoite
Karyosome
Cytoplasmic inclusions | 5-20 um
Unable to produce cyst
10-20 um
Food vacuoles and WBC |
| Regarded as the smallest intestinal protozoa, often referred to as CROSS-EYED
CYST | Entamoeba nana |
| Iodine cyst | Iodamoeba butschii |
| With “Bull’s eye karyosome”;
Tissue invading – can produce flask shaped ulcers | Entamoeba histolytica |
| Most common form of extraintestinal amebiasis | Hepatic |
| With long finger like pseudopodia | Entamoeba histolytica |
| Regarded as “small race-histolytica” | Entamoeba hartmanni |
| Morphologically closest to Entamoeba histolytica, can be differentiated fro E.
histolytica thru immunoassays or thru PCR | Entamoeba dispar
Used to be Entamoeba hartmanni |
| Naegleri fowleri's:
Regarded as an?
Infective stage is
Causes
Thermophilic organism
Acquired thru
Diagnostic stage:
Cyst is NOT SEEN in brain tissues; cyst has ____ wall
Trophozoites : | Facultative, free leaving, ameboflagelate
Ambeoid trophozoite
Primarily amebic meningoencephalitis
diving or swimming in stagnant water
trophozoite in CSF & Brain Tissues; flagellated forms occasionally in CSF
double and smooth outer wall
ameboid trophozoite & flagellated trophozoite |
| Acanthamoeba species
Causes ?
Infective stage:
Diagnostic stages:
Cyst has ____OUTER wall
Culturable in?
Trophozoite has spine like process called_____; SLOWLY
MOTILE | 1. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis
2. Amebic keratitis (contact lense wearer)
3. Skin lesions
Cyst & trophozoite
Cyst and trophozoites in tissues
wrinkled outer wall
Non Nutrient Agar seeded w/ E. coli
ACANTHOPODIA |
| Type of entamoeba that shows progressive and directional motility | Entamoeba histolytica |
| Type of entamoeba that shows sluggish and non directional motility | Escherichia coli |
| Balamuthia mandrillaris
Isolated from
ü Infective stages:
ü Can enter thru 1) ___ 2)___
ü Cyst & trophozoites in tissues; cyst is | soil and dust or from autopsy specimens of infected humans & animals
cyst and trophozoite
nasal passages and ulcerated or broken skin
10-25 um with DOUBLE CYST WALL |
| Gardia lamblia's:
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Small intestine
Cyst and Trophozoites
Cyst
Ingestion |
| Chilomastix mesnili
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Large intestine
Cyst and Trophozoite
Cyst
Ingestion |
| Retortamonas intestinalis':
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Large intestine
Cyst and trophozoites
Cyst
Ingestion |
| Enteromas hominis':
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Large intestine
Cyst and Trophozoite
Cyst
Ingestion |
| Dientamoeba fragilis':
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Large intestine
Trophozoite
Trophozoite
Ingestion |
| Pentatrichomonas hominis':
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Large intestine
Trophozoite
Trophozoite
Ingestion |
| Trichomonas vaginalis':
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Gut
Trophozoite
Trophozoite
Sexual contact |
| Trichomonas tenax's:
Habitat?
Developmental stage?
Infective stage?
Mode of transmission? | Bucal gut
Trophozoite
Trophozoite
Oral contact |
| Giardia lamblia's:
Cyst
Shape/ size
# of nuclei
Equipped with ____ and has a pair of? | Ovoid; 8-15 um
4
oblique axostyle (/) and has a pair of parabasal body |
| Chilomastix mesnili's:
Cyst
Shape/ size
# of nuclei
Curved fibril alongside cytosome, usually referred to as a? | Lemon or nipple; 7-10 um
1 |
| Enteromas hominis':
Cyst
Shape/ size
# of nuclei
Resembles cyst of? | Ellipsoidal; 6-8 um
4 in binoculate condition |
| Retoramonas intestinalis':
Cyst
Shape/ size
# of nuclei
Fibril extebd above nucleus giving a | Ovoid, Pyriform; 4-7 um
1
Bird's beak appearance |
| Giardia lamblia"s
Trophozoite
Number of nuclei
# of flagella
Sucking disk; old man w/ glasses, has a __ motility and bilaterally__ | 2
8
falling leaf motility
symmetrical |
| Chilomastix mesnili's:
Trophozoite
Number of nuclei
# of flagella
Cork screw, has a __ motility | 1
3 external and 1 internal
spiral jerky |
| Enteromonas hominis':
Trophozoite
Number of nuclei
# of flagella | 1
3 anterior, 1 posterior |
| Retortomonas intestinalis
Trophozoite
Number of nuclei
# of flagella | 1
1 anterior, 1 posterior |
| Dientamoeba fragilis
Previously ___; unable to produce
Trophozoite is ___ um
W/ multiple ___ pseudopodia
Karyosome is often fragmented and is often referred to as? | antamoeba, cyst
5-15 um
multiple hyaline leaf like
Tetrakaryosome |
| Equipped w/ undulating membrane and 5 glagella
Cannot produce cyst
Axostyle extends beyond the body | Pentatrichomonas hominis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas tenax |
| Largest trophozoite? | Trichomonas vaginaliS |
| Smallest trophozoite? | Trichomonas tenax |
| May cause Gay bowel syndrome | Gardia lamblia |
| May cause excretion of fats in feces | Gardia lamblia |
| What are the developmental stages of blood and tissue haemoflagellates? | Amastigote (leishamnia) --> Promastigote (leptomonas)--> Epimastigote (crithidia)--> Trypomastigote (trypanosoma) |
| Amastigote/ leishmania is:
___ shaped
with nucleus and kinetoplast but ____ membrane and ____ | Oval
no undulating
flagellum |
| Promastigote/ leptomonas are:
____ with nucleus , kinetoplast and flagellum but no undulating membrane | elongated |
| Epimastigote are:
with nucleus
kinetoplast, flagellum and undulating membrane
Kinetoplast is ___ the nucleus
___than promastigote | Above |
| Trypomastigote are
W/ nucleus
Kinetoplast
Flagellum
Undulating membrane
Kinetoplast is ___ the nucleus | Below |
| It enables the parasite to move in a circular manner | Undulating membrane |
| Leishmania donovani's:
Vector
Developmental stage
Infective stage to man
Disease Caused
Affected organ | Phlebotomous spp. (Sand flies)
Amastigote (Develop in man)
Promastigote (Develop in vector)
Promastigote
Kala-Azar Fever/ Visceral leishmaniasis, Dumdum fever, Death Fever, Tropical splenomegaly, Black Disease
Visceral organ |
| Lesihmania braziliensis':
Vector
Developmental stage
Infective stage to man
Disease Caused
Affected organ | Phlebotomous spp. (Sand flies)
Amastigote (Man)
Promastigote (Vector)
Promastigote
Muco-cutaneous, Leishmaniasis Espunida, Ulta, Chiclero Ulcer
Mucous membrane |
| Leishmania tropica's:
Vector
Developmental stage
Infective stage to man
Disease Caused
Affected organ | Phlebotomous spp. (Sand flies)
Amastigote (Man)
Promastigote (Vector)
Promastigote
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Delhi ulcer, Baghad Boil, Aleppo |
| May cause anemia, hepatosplenomegaly & blackening of skin | Leishmania donovani |
| May produce widespread lesions that leave ugly scar on healing | Leishmania tropica |
| May produce leprosy like or highly disfiguring lesions mainly on the face | Leishmania braziliensis |
| Skin biopsy____tissue biopsy____ | to search amastigote |
| Examination of lymph node, BM , liver aspirate | -- |
| Lesihmania spp. are ___parasites | Intracellular |
| Trypanosoma brucei gambiense:
Vector
Infective stage to man
Diagnostic stage
Disease Caused
Type of parasite | Glossina spp. (tse tse flies)
Metacylic trypanosome
--
West African Sleeping Sickness
External parasite |
| Trypanasoma brucei rhodesiense
Vector
Infective stage to man
Diagnostic stage
Disease Caused
Type of parasite | Glossina spp (tse tse)
--
--
East African Sleeping Disease
External parasite |
| Trypanosoma cruzi
Vector
Infective stage to man
Diagnostic stage
Disease Caused
Type of parasite | Reduviid, Triatoma, Panstrongylus spp.
Metacyclic trypanosome
Amastigote, Trypomastigote
New World Trypanosomiasis, South American Chaga's DIsease
Intracelullar parasite |
| African Sleeping Sickness or Old World Trypanosomiasis:
Lesion at bite site:
Blood invasion will cause
Lymph node will
CNS | Trypanosome chancre
Fever
enlarge (Winterbottom sign)
Kerandel's sign |
| Type of African Sleeping Sickness or Old World Trypanosomiasis that is rapidly fatal | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense |
| Type of African Sleeping Sickness or Old World Trypanosomiasis that has longer course | Trypanosoma brucei gambience |
| Chaga's Disease/ South American Trypanosomiasis/ New World Trypanomiasis
Lesion at bite site
Unilateral conjunctivitis or orbital edema called | CHAGOMA
Romana's Sign |
| Common parasite of pigs; habitat is the large intestine and regarded as the largest intestinal protozoa | Balantidium coli |
| Balantidium coli's
cyst has macronucleus ____ for vegetation and a micronucleus ___ for reproduction
Trophozoites shows___motility
with cytostome and __
Causes ?
Can be detected under ___due to large size under microscope
Will not produce lesions outisde ____ | kidney shaped nucleus and spherical nucleus
directional tumblin
Balantidiasis, balintidial dysentery |
| What are the five plasmodium spp.? | P. falciparum
P. ovale
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. knowlesi |
| What is the gold standard for the detection of malaria? | Thick and thin smear udner OIO |
