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Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Weather is the conditions of a specific place at a specific time frame. Climate is the average weather conditions of a specific region.	Weather vs climate
Solar energy Albedo Greenhouse effect Ocean heat transport Earth's orbit	Basic climate controls
The ability of the Earth's surface to reflect light	Albedo
Glacial advance is when glaciers build up from more accumulating snowfall. Glacial retreat is when glaciers decline in size from ice melt.	Glacial advance and retreat
Ablation Accumulation Equilibrium line	Zones of a glacier
Erratics Striation Moraines Fjords	Evidence of past glaciation
Increasing global temperature (global warming) Higher sea levels Shrinking of glacial and polar ice caps More frequent droughts and hurricanes	Reasons for increasing carbon dioxide levels
Ozone hole Smog Water contamination Acid rain	Types of pollution caused by increasing carbon dioxide levels
Oceans, then ice caps, then rivers	Water storage system
Evaporation from land and water Transpiration from plants Runoff to streams	Pathways of precipitation
Instream Offstream Consumptive Non-consumptive	Four types of river use
Porosity P = Vp (pore volume) /Vt (total volume) x 100 Rate of flow Q = KAS (K = hydraulic conductivity, A = cross-sectional area, S = hydraulic gradient, Darcy’s Law)	Flux calculation formula
Freshwater Salt Dry	Types of lakes
Losing stream can cause water to go above the local water-table level and can cause a recharge mound to be created. Gaining stream intersects the water table and can cause water to be fed in part by groundwater. The spring is where the water table intercepts the surface.	Losing stream vs. gaining stream vs. spring
Formed by the pressure present within the aquifer	Artesian wells
n + 1/m, where n = the number of years in the record and m = the rank of a given flood on the list of yearly floods	Flood recurrence interval calculation
A ten-year flood has a 10% chance of single-year flooding and a 95% chance of flooding during a thirty-year mortgage. A 100-year flood has a 0.2% chance of single-year flooding and a 6% chance of flooding during a thirty-year mortgage.	Ten-year flood vs. 100-year flood
Dam construction Retention basins Elevated and relocated structures Flood insurance	Ways of flood mitigation
Caused by a change of winds and ocean currents in the central Pacific ocean	El Nino
Formed by having limited rain fall through the fall in the plains of Texas and Oklahoma that the region’s grasslands and croplands browned and withered. Topsoil also changed to powdery dust. Without the protective vegetation on the ground, the wind lapped at it removed the topsoil, and sent it towards the sky, forming rolling black clouds that covered the sun.	Dust Bowl (1933)
Global transmission of chemicals and pathogens via blowing dust	Side effect of desertification
Dangerous outbreaks of mud and rock debris	Consequence of wildfires
Severe storm in which winds move counterclockwise at a minimum speed of 72 mph Scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the strongest Season in June through November Heat is the energy powering them Most of them in the United States start off of Africa	Hurricane
Abnormal rise of water generated by a storm Caused by water being pushed toward the shore by the force of winds moving cyclonially around the storm.	Storm surge
Create evacuation plans Reinforce residential structural problems Stay updated Stock up on essential supplies (food, clothing, and shelter) Review insurance rules Keep copies of important documents safe Keep pets in mind	How to prepare for a hurricane
An estuary is an inlet where seawater and river water combine when a coastal river valley is flooded because of either rising sea levels or land substances. A delta is a piece of river sediment created at a river’s mouth when a stream’s running water of a stream joins standing water by slowing the current, losing stream competence, and settling out the sediment.	Estuary vs. delta
The moving of sediments along a coast parallel to the shoreline Depends on incoming wind direction	Longshore drift
Bending of waves when they come to the shore at an angle	Wave refraction
Formed by wave action on the bedrock along the coast	Processes of coast formation