| what are the 3 function of memory? | 1. natural inference
2. relate new events
3. deliver relevant knowledge |
| what is natural inference? | system to store few facts to use facts we need later |
| what is relating new events? | relating newer events to prior knowledge to understand events |
| what is delivering relevant knowledge? | delivering relevant knowledge when needed in a situation |
| different types of memory? | episodic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory |
| what is episodic memory? | specific details of events
e.g. what you had for breakfast |
| what is semantic memory? | ability to store facts & categories
e.g. know parrot is a bird |
| what is procedural memory? | skills
e.g. walking, riding bike |
| what are the basic memory processes? | encoding
storage
retrieval |
| what is encoding? | coding info & putting into memory
acoustic or visual |
| what is storage memory? | maintenance of info & memory |
| what is retrieval memory? | recovering info from memory and bringing to consciousness |
| 2 characteristic of STM | limited capacity
fragility of storage |
| what is limited capacity? | measures of digit span
how many no. ppl can recall |
| what is fragility of storage? | info decays rapidly from short term store
info decays within 18 secs
interference effects |
| limited capacity- digit span | ppl remember 7+-2 chunks of info |
| definition of word chunk? | grouping items together
remember more items
e.g. phone no. |
| fragility of storage- decay | pps study triads of 3 letters
pps count back in 3s
prevent rehearsal
recall triads- performance declined |
| fragility of storage- interference effects | other info interferes with recalling info you need
2 types:
proactive interference
retroactive interference |
| what is proactive interference? | competition from previously learnt info
more likely if info learning is the same |
| what is retroactive interference? | competition from newly learnt info |
| what form is info encoded in STM store | early view- acoustic verbal code
pps asked to recall 2 list of letters, recall worse if lists have similar letters
new view- also hold meaning based & visual codes
pps asked to recall fruits & no. ruins memory- meaning of words |
| 3 components of working memory? | phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
executive control system |
| what is the phonological loop? | rehearsal & retention of verbal info
voice in head lets you remember stuff |
| what is the visuospatial sketchpad? | memorising with visual info |
| what is executive control system? | supervises & regulates info
allocated resources to tasks |
| predictions of working memory model? | if both tasks same component e.g. phonological
cannot be performed successfully
if 2 tasks use different components
can work together somewhat well
e.g. listening & talking |
| neurological evidence of 3 components of working memory? | ppl with specific deficits in cog. abilities
patient PV
digit span task of 2
fine otherwise
part of working memory model dealing with digits is impaired
shows different components for each task |
| experimental evidence for 3 components of working memory? | asked pp to do visually presented grammatical reasoning task
whilst hearing & attempting to remember digit sequence
response slowed as more digits needed to be remembered |
| what are the 2 sections of the phonological loop? | phonological store
articulatory control process |
| what is the phonological store? | hold acoustic info for 2 secs |
| what is the articulatory control process? | produces inner speech in head |
| evidence for visuospatial sketchpad? | pps learnt list of word using visual imagery or rehearsal
task performed either on own or with visual presentation or foreign language speech
results show separate visuospatial system
hearing irrelevant speech interferes with task- phonological loop
not with visuospatial sketchpad |
| what is the central executive? | switches:
retrieval plans
time sharing of dual task studies
selective attention whilst ignoring others
temporarily activation of LTM |
| forgetting curve? | forgetting initially rapid
then slows down |
| proactive interference | past memories interfere with new memories
e.g. calling partner by exes name |
| retroactive interference | old memories interfere with new memories |
| cue dependent forgetting? | forgetting that occurs when lack certain cues |
