| Name all of the energy stores | Kinetic, Heat, Light, Gravitational potential, Chemical, Sound, Elastic potential, Electrostatic, Nuclear |
| Law of conservation of energy? | Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but can never be created or destroyed. |
| What is conduction? | Where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles. |
| What is convection? | Where energetic particles move from hotter to cooler regions. |
| How are convection currents created? | Radiators heat air particles by conduction/ Air becomes warmer and less dense/ Warm air rises and is replaced by cool air/ Cool air is heated/ Previously heated air transfers energy to surroundings and cool/ Cooling air becomes denser and sinks/ Cycle repeats |
| Ways to reduce unwanted energy transfers (and how it does it) | Lubrication- reduces frictional forces
Insulation- reduces rate of energy lost through thermal transfer |
| Method to investigate effectiveness of materials as thermal insulators | Put set mass of boiled water in sealed container, take initial temperature, leave for 5 minutes, measure final temperature, get rid of water and leave container to cool, repeat experiment wrapping container in different materials each time with varying thicknesses, plot results on graph |
| Independent variable for insulator experiment | Type of insulator |
| Control variable for insulator experiment | Initial temperature of water, mass of water, container |
| Dependent variable for insulator experiment | Change of temperature from initial to final |
| How to measure insulator experiment dependent variable? | Initial temperature - final temperature |
| What does a small temperature change indicate? | A good insulator as minimal heat has escaped the container |
| Example of a completely efficient device | Electric heaters |
| Names all non-renewable resources | Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear |
| Name all renewable energy resources | Solar, wind, tidal, hydro-electric, biofuel, geothermal |
| Advantages of wind power | No pollution, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, no damage to landscape |
| Disadvantages of wind power | Turbines are noisy, spoil view, need lots to supply demand, high initial costs |
| Advantages of solar power | No pollution whilst using, reliable source of energy, low running costs, free energy |
| Disadvantages of solar power | Pollution during manufacture, ineffective at night, can't increase power output, high initial costs, small scale |
| Advantages of geothermal power | Free energy, reliable, no pollution, generates electricity |
| Disadvantages of geothermal power | Minimal suitable locations for power plants, high initial and running costs |
| Advantages of hydro-electric power | Immediate response for increased demand, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, reliable |
| Disadvantages of hydro-electric power | Habitat loss in valleys flooded, high initial costs, small scale |
| Advantages of wave power | No pollution, no fuel costs, minimal running costs |
| Disadvantages of wave power | Disturbs sea beds and habitats, hazard to boats, spoil view, unreliable, high initial costs |
| Advantages of tidal barrages | No pollution, reliable, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, generate significant amount of energy |
| Disadvantages of tidal barrages | Prevent free access for boats, spoil view, alter wildlife habitats, high initial costs |
| What are bio-fuels? | Renewable energy resources created from plant products or animal dung |
| Advantages of bio-fuels | Reliable, carbon neutral, short time to grow crops |
| Disadvantages of bio-fuels | High costs, don't meet immediate energy demands, loss of natural habitats to make space for bio-fuel crops |
| Gas that causes acid rain? | Sulphur dioxide |
| How can acid rain be reduced? | Taking sulphur out of fuels before they are burned |
| 3 environmental issues of non-renewables | Open cast mining, oil spillages, nuclear waste |
| 2 reasons for using more renewable energy | Public and international pressure, lack of non-renewables |
| 3 limitations of the use of renewables | Money- cost of building new power plants
Reliability- not as effective as fossil fuels
Politics- arguments over where power plants should go and ethics |
