| Basisphenoid bone and Presphenoid bone | What two bones make up the sphenoid complex? |
| mandibular symphysis | In some species, the mandible is an unpaired bone because it is fused at this location: |
| Occipital bone, temporal bone, parietal bone, and frontal bone | What are the four cranial PAIRED cranial bones? |
| Occipital bone, interparietal bone, basisphenoid bone, presphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone | What are the five UNPAIRED cranial bones? |
| Nasal bone, lacrimal bone, maxilla bone, incisive bone, palatine bone, zygomatic bone, and pterygoid bone | What are the 7 paired facial bones? |
| Vomer bone | Name the unpaired facial bone of the skull |
| Incisive bone | Name bone #1 |
| Nasal bone | Name bone #2 |
| maxillary bone | Name bone #3 |
| Zygomatic bone (cut) | Name bone #4 |
| Lacrimal bone | Name bone #5 |
| Frontal bone | Name bone #6 |
| Parietal bone | Name bone #7 |
| Occipital bone | Name bone #8 |
| Temporal bone | Name bone #9 |
| Sphenoid complex | Name bone #10 |
| Pterygoid | Name bone #11 |
| Palatine bone | Name bone #12 |
| From rostral to caudal: Squamous part, tympanic bulla, and petrous part | Name the three parts that make up the temporal bone. |
| Nuchal crest | What is the name given to the most dorsal edge of the occipital bone? |
| Temporal process of zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone | What two processes make up the zygomatic arch? |
| ethmoid foramen, optic canal, orbital foramen, rostral alar foramen, round foramen, caudal alar foramen | The pterygopalatine fossa contains 6 foramen, name them from rostral to caudal. |
| Round foramen | Which foramina communicates to the alar canal from inside of the skull? |
| Oval foramen | Which foramen is caudal to the alar canal? |
| Fossa for the lacrimal sac | Name the foramina at the most rostral aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. |
| Infraorbital foramen and maxillary foramen | Name the two foramen that demarcates the infraorbital canal. |
| True | True or False: the hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen, foramen lacerum, and oval notch communicate with one another in the horse skull. |
| Foramen orbitorotundum | In the bovine, the orbital foramen and round foramen fuse to form the: |
| Infraorbital nerve | Which nerve passes through the maxillary foramen? |
| Optic nerve | Which nerve passes through the optic canal? |
| Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve, abducent nerve | Name the four nerves that pass through the orbital fissure/foramen. |
| Maxillary nerve and maxillary artery | Name the artery and the nerve that pass through the rostral alar foramen. |
| Mandibular nerve | Name the nerve that passes through the oval foramen. |
| Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) | Name the nerve that passes through stylomastoid foramen. |
| Hypsoglossal nerve | Which nerve passes through the hypsoglossal canal? |
| Mental nerve | Which nerve passes through the mental foramen? |
| Mandibular canal | The mental foramina and mandibular fossa form which canal? |
| 4- two one each side | How many mental foramina do dogs have? |
| condylar processes of the mandible | Which process on the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa? |
| Tympanohyoid cartilage | Name structure #1 of the hyoid apparatus. |
| Stylohyoid bone | Name bone #2 of the hyoid apparatus. |
| Epihyoid | Name bone #3 of the hyoid apparatus. |
| Ceratohyoid bone | Name bone #4 of the hyoid apparatus. |
| Basihyoid bone | Name the unpaired bone of the hyoid apparatus. |
| Thyrohyoid bone | Which bone of the hyoid apparatus is directed caudally in all species? |
| The lingual process of the basihyoid bone | The hyoid process of the large animals has an additional process coming off of the basihyoid bone. What is this process called? |
| The nasal cavity | The vomer bone is located inside of which cavity? |
| The orbital ligament | Carnivores do not have complete eye socket. What structure completes the orbital margin? |
| temporomandibular joint | The mandible articulates with the temporal bone of the skull at which site? |
| Enamel | The crown of the brachydont tooth is covered by what? |
| Cementum | The root of the brachydont tooth is covered by what? |
| Brachydont | Which type of tooth, brachydont or hypsodont, has a neck? |
| Dentin | What part of the tooth makes up a majority of the brachydont tooth and surrounds the pulp cavity? |
| Cementum | What covers the entire hypsodont tooth? |
| Diastema | The gap between incisors and cheek teeth is known as the.. |
| Labial and buccal | The vestibular surface of the tooth can be known as ___ for front teeth, and ____ for cheek teeth. |
| Lingual and palatine | The inner surface of the teeth can be either ____ for bottom teeth, and ____ for top teeth. |
| The pig | Which domestic animal is the only mammal with a complete dental compliment? |
| False | True or False: molar teeth are present in the deciduous dental formula. |
| Upper P4 and Lower M1 | Which two teeth in the canine mouth are carnassial teeth? |
| Ruminants | Which group of animals is missing the first premolar? |
| Brachydont, hypsodont | The incisor and canine teeth of the cow are _____ while the cheek teeth are _____. |
| 1.5-2 years | At what age would you expect to see I1 in the ruminant? |
| 2-2.5 years | At what age would you expect to see I2 in the ruminant? |
| 3-3.5 years | At what age would you expect to see I3 in the ruminant? |
| Between 3.5 and 4 years old | A young ruminant has incisors 1,2,3, and erupted incisor 4. How would you age this cow? |
| 9 years | The incisors in a ruminant mouth should be level and worn by what age? |
| A wolf tooth | The presence of P1 in the horse is known as.. |
| A cap | The remnant of a deciduous tooth blocking the way of a permanent one is known as...? |
| Hypsodont | All of the permanent teeth of a horse are (brachydont or hypsodont) |
| 6 days | The first deciduous tooth in a horse erupts by what age? |
| 6 weeks | The second deciduous tooth erupts in a foal by what age? |
| 6 months | The third deciduous incisors are present in the foal at what age? |
| 2.5 years old | Permanent I1 in the foal erupts at what age? |
| Approx. 6 months | From the point of eruption to full size, how long does it take for a tooth to grow in the horse? |
| 3.5 years old | At what age might you expect a foal to have a permanent incisor 2? |
| 4.5 years of age | At what age might you expect a foal to have incisor 3 present? |
| 5 years old | At this age, all three incisors have erupted, are level, and have cups |
| 15 years old | A horse has Galvayne's groove present to midway down the length of the tooth. How old is this horse? |
| At least 15 years old | You are looking into a horses mouth and see a dental star. How old is this horse? |
| Older than 5 years but younger than 14. | The infundibulum of a horse's tooth has regressed to Cup is Gone. There is no evidence of a dental star. How old is this horse? |
| 7 years old | The upper corner incisor of a horse has a hook in it. How old is this horse? |
| Upper P4 | This tooth is a common place for abscess in cats and can cause various health issues. |
| Tympano-occipital fissure | Name the oblong opening between the occipital bone and tympanic part of the temporal bone. |
| Glossopharngeal (IX), vagus (X), and accessory nerve (XI) | Which 3 nerves pass from the jugular foramen through the tympano-occipital fissure? |
| True | True or False: Large animals do not have a tympano-occipital fissure. |
| False | True or False: Large animals do not have a jugular foramen. |
| Ruminants | Which group of animals does NOT have an interparietal bone? |
| os rostrale | The nasal cavity of the pig contains an extra bone called the... |
| Nasal diverticulum or false nostril | The blind ended dorsal compartment of the nasal cavity in the horse is known as the... |
| Choanae | Name the caudal opening of the nasal cavity. |
| Ethmoid bone | This skull bone contributes to the osseus part of the nasal septum in the canine. |
| Vomer bone | This unpaired bone in the skull supports the nasal septum ventrally. |
| Nasal vestibule | When looking at the nostrils externally, the part this is visible is known as the...? |
| Conchae | These are scrolls of thin bones projecting from the wall of the nasal cavity and increase turbulance of air flow. |
| Dorsal nasal meatus | Name #1 in the canine nasal cavity. |
| Dorsal nasal concha | Name #2 in the canine nasal cavity. |
| Middle nasal meatus | Name #3 in the canine nasal cavity. |
| Common nasal meatus | Name #4 in the canine nasal cavity. |
| Ventral nasal meatus | Name #5 in the canine nasal cavity. |
| Bovine | Which species contains a middle nasal conchae in their nasal cavity? |
| Opthalmic and maxillary nerves | General sensation of the nasal cavity is provided by branches of which nerves? |
| olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) | Which nerve is responsible for the sense of olfaction? |
| Olfactory nerve | Which nerve passes through the foramina of cribriform plate to reach the olfactory bulbs of the brain? |
| Components: olfactory bulb, piriform lobe, hippocampus, septum pellucidum
They are located on the ventromedial surface of each hemisphere | Which four components make up the olfactory part of the brain and where are they located? |
| Olfactory complex | This image is an MRI slice from the telencephalon. Name the complex formed by the highlighted portion. |
| The vomeronasal organ | The two blind ended ducts on either side of the rostral part of the nasal septum are known as... |
| True | True or False: the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone contributes to the nasal septum. |
| True | True or False: the alar fold in the horse is suupported by the lamina of the alar cartilage. |
| True | True or False: in the horse, the nasogastric tube is introduced through the ventral nasal meatus. |
| Frontal, maxillary, sphenopalatine | Name the 3 parts of the paranasal sinus in the horse. |
| Equine | In which species does the frontal sinus and dorsal conchal sinus form a conchofrontal sinus? |
| Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal | Name the 5 parts of the paranasal sinus in the ox. |
| Lacrimal bulla | The extension of the maxillary sinus in the ox is known as the... |
| Bovine (ox) has a cornual diverticulum of the frontal sinus in horned animals | Which species has the most extensive frontal part of the paranasal sinus? |
| Frontal and maxillary recess | Name the two components of the paranasal sinus of the dog. |
| Maxillay recess | An infection in this part of the canine paranasal sinus can cause sinusitus. |
| Oral vestibule | The space between the lips and cheeks, and the teeth and gums is known as the.. |
| choana | The structure that demarcates the end of the nasal cavity and the beginning of the nasopharynx is called the... |
| Commisure of the lips | Name the place where the upper and lower lips join laterally. |
| Oral fissure | Name the opening between the lips, which is large in carnivores and small in herbivores. |
| Root, body, apex | The tongue can be divided into 3 parts. Name the three parts of the tongue. |
| Lingual frenulum | The tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the... |
| Lyssa | This worm-like structure is present on the apex of the tongue in DOGS only. |
| Filiform, conical, fungiform, foliate, vallate | Name the 5 types of papillae in the tongue of the dog. |
| Vallate papillae | Which type of papilla are the largest and resemble glands near the base of the tongue? |
| Lingual torus | Name the high, rounded caudal portion of the bovine tongue. |
| Transverse lingual fossa | What structure demarcates the beginning of the lingual torus in the cow? |
| Styloglossus m., hypoglossus m., genioglossus m. | Name the three extrinsic muscles of the tongue. |
| Proper lingual muscles | Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. |
| Hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) | All of the lingual muscles are innervated by which nerve? |
| Hypoglossal nerve | Which nerve supplies motor function to the tongue? |
| Lingual nerve of mandibular nerve (cranial nerve V) | Which nerve(s) supply general sensation to the rostral 2/3 of the tongue? |
| Lingual branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9) | Which nerve(s) supplies general sensation of the caudal 1/3 of the tongue? |
| chorda tympani or facial nerve (CN VII) and glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) | Which nerve(s) supply taste sensation to the tongue? |
| Vagus nerve | The caudal most part of the tongue is innervated by which nerve? |
| Chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerve | The lingual glands are innervated by which two nerves? |
| Cranial nerves 5,7,9, and 10 | Which 4 cranial nerves are responsible for the general sensation of the tongue? |
| Zygomatic salivary gland | Which salivary gland is considered a major salivary gland in the dog ONLY? |
| Parotoid, mandibular, and sublingual salivary glands | Name the 3 types of salivary glands that are considered major in all species. |
| Under the ear | Where is the parotid salivary gland located? |
| Parotid duct | Name the duct that drains the parotid salivary gland. |
| It is located caudo-ventral to the parotid gland and it opens at the floor of the mouth. | Where is the mandibular salivary gland located and where doe it drain to? |
| The sublingual caruncle | The mandibular salivary gland is demarcated by which structure? |
| Monostomatic part and the polystomatic part | The sublingual salivary gland has two parts. Name the two parts of the sublingual salivary gland. |
| Opposite of the upper last molar | Where does the zygomatic salivary gland open in the dog mouth? |
| Mandibular and sublingual salivary glands | Which two salivary glands are innervated by the facial nerve? |
| Glossopharyngeal nerve | The parotid and zygomatic salivary glands are innervated by which nerve? |
| Parotid lymph node | This lymph node is located at the rostrodorsal edge of the parotid salivary gland and recieves lymph from the dorsal structures of the head. |
| Mandibular lymph node | This lymph node is located at the angle of the mandible in the dog and ox. In the horse, it is several lymph nodes at the intermandibular triangle. |
| Manibular lymph node | Which lymph node receives lymph from the ventral structures of the head? |
| Medial retropharyngeal lymph node | This lymph node lies at the dorsal aspect of the pharynx and is the collecting center of the head in most species. |
| Lateral retropharyngeal lymph node. | This lymph node is the collecting center of the head in cattle and lies rostral to the wing of the atlas. |
| Hard palate | Which palate demarcates the separation of the nasal and oral cavity? |
| Palatinus muscle | Which muscle of the soft palate shortens the soft palate? |
| Tensor veli palatine muscle | Which muscle of the soft palate tenses the soft palate by exerting lateral traction? |
| Levator veli palatine | Which muscle of the soft palate raises the soft palate? |
| Palatoglossl arch | Which structure demarcates the end of the oral cavity and the begging of the oropharynx? |
| In the tonsillar fossa | Where are the palatine tonsils located? |
| Cranial: palatoglossal arch
Caudal: caudal border of the soft palate/base of epiglottis
Dorsal: soft palate
Ventral: root of tongue | What are the four borders of the oropharynx? |
| Intrapharyngeal ostium | Name the space within the pharynx bound by palatopharyngeal arches. |
| Cranial: choanea
Caudal: intrapharyngeal ostium | Name the cranial and caudal boundries of the nasopharynx. |
| False, the pharyngeal tonsils can only be appreciated grossly in the bovine | True or False: the pharyngeal tonsils can only be appreciated grossly in the dog. |
| Cranial: palatopharyngeal arches
Caudal: esophagus | Name the cranial and caudal borders of the laryngopharynx. |
| Moving a food bolus downstream | Shortener/constrictor muscles of the pharynx play a role in which process? |
| Pterygopharyngeaus m. and palatopharyngeus muscle | What are the two shortner muscles of the pharynx? |
| Hyopharyngeus muscle, thyropharyngeus muscle, and cricopharyngeaus muscle | Name the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx. |
| stylopharyngeus muscle | Name the single dilator muscle of the pharynx. |
| stylopharyngeus muscle | Which pharyngeal muscle is responsible for opening to pharynx to receive a food bolus? |
| True | True or False: the pharynx of the ox will contain a pharyngeal septum and tonsils. |
| The larynx of the horse protrudes into the nasopharynx which locks the soft palate into a conformation in which air can not move from the mouth into the trachea. | Why are horses obligate nasal breathers? |
| The pharyngeal diverticulum | What structure is present in the pharynx of the pig only? |
| Pharyngeal plexus | The pharynx is innervated by which nervous strcture? |
| Vagus (IX) and glossopharyngeal (X) | The pharyngeal plexus is made up of branches from which two cranial nerves? |
| Nucleus ambiguus (in the medulla) | The cell bodies of the pharyngeal plexus are located in which region of the brain? |
| Guttural pouch | This structure is present in the horse only and is the ventral diverticulum of the auditory tube. |
| External carotid arteries, cranial nerves 9, 10, 11, and 12 | Which vital structures make infection of the guttural pouch a dangerous condition and procedure? |
| Two, each pouch then has a medial and lateral component | How many guttural pouches does one horse have? |
| Viborg's triangle | Which surgical approach might we take to drain the guttural pouch to avoid damaging any vital structures? |
| Angle of the mandible, sternomandibularis, and lingual facial vein | What are the borders of Viborg's triangle? |
| Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hind brain) | Name the three embryonic divisions of the brain. |
| telencephalon and diencephalon | Name the parts of the prosencephalon. |
| Metencephalon and myelencephalon | Name the two components of the rhombencephalon |
| telencephalon | The cerebrum is part of which region of the brain? |
| Dorsal aspect of metencephalon | Where is the cerebellum located? |
| Medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, and diencephalon | Name the four components of the brain stem. |
| Rhombencephalon | Cranial nerves 5-12 arise from which region of the brain? |
| Cranial nerve V | The pons of the brain gives rise to which cranial nerve? |
| Myelencephalon (rhombencephalon) | The medulla oblongata is made up of which portion of the brain? |
| 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 | The myelencephalon gives rise to which cranial nerves? |
| trapazoid body | A group of transverse fibers belonging to the acoustic system, located caudally to the pons, are known as the... |
| Pyramids | Bands of white matter beside ventral midline that originate at the cerebral cortex and go to the medulla oblongata or the spinal cord are called... |
| pyramidal decussation | The location at which most of the corticospinal fibers cross midline to reach the spinal cord is called the... |
| Corpora quadrigemina | The dorsal part of the mesencephalon contains 2 rostral colliculi and 2 caudal colliculi which make up the _____. |
| The cerebral aqueduct | Which structure separates the rostral and caudal colliculi? |
| Crus cerebri | The most ventral part of each cerebral peduncle is called the... |
| Mesenchephalon | The oculomotor and trochlear regions of the brain originate in which embryonic portion? |
| Hypothalmus | Which region of the brain contains mammillary bodies? |
| thalamus | Which structure makes up the largest part of the diencephalon? |
| Along the dorsal midline of the diencephalon | Where is the epithalamus located? |
