| NA | NA |
| How are Antibodies made? | -They are made from a B-Lymphocyte Cell. Simple |
| What do Monoclonal Antibodies do that is Different? Why? | -Monoclonal Antibodies are made from Clones, Lots of Clones, of a Single White Blood Cell.
-This makes a Stupid Amount of Antibodies that will target 1 Antigen. |
| Why and How do we make Monoclonal Antibodies? | -B-Lymphocytes Cells don't really Divide Easily, so its Hard to get Lots of Clones; Tumour Cells, however, Divide very Quickly but make 0 Antibodies.
-And, we can Fuse a MOUSE Lymphocyte Cell with a Tumour Cell to create a New Cell: Hybridoma.
-Hybridoma can Replicate and Clone it selves very Quickly, which can make 1 Single Specific Antibody. This, the Cells, are Collected and Purified
-Monoclonal Antibodies are Useful for only Targeting a Specific Molecule, or Cell - so you Use it in your Body for a Cell or Chemical. |
| What happens, using Information about Monoclonal Antibodies, in a Pregnancy Test if you are Positive? | -If you are Pregnant, then your Urine will have a Hormone [HCG]
-The Bit where you Wee on will have Antibodies to HCG, that itself has Blue Beads Attached.
-As you Pee, HCG will Bind onto the Antibodies, and Move because of the Liquid [Your Piss]
-It then will reach the Strip, where there is More Antibodies for the Hormone, with the Difference being they are Stationary.
-So HCG will Bind on to that Still Antibody, and will get Stuck - and the Blue Beads that is now also Stuck will begin to make a Blue Line on the Test Strip - Saying you are Pregnant!! |
| What happens, using Information about Monoclonal Antibodies, in a Pregnancy Test if you are Negative? | -If you are not Pregnant, you will Not have the Hormone in your Urine [HCG]
-So when you Wee, the Antibodies with the Blue Beads Attached will go up the Strip but will not Bind onto Anything, because HCG is not Present.
-When it Reaches the Test Strip, again, Nothing Happens because HCG isn't Present to Bind on - so the Still Antibodies do NOT Stop the Mobile Antibodies with the Blue Beads meaning that the Test Strip will not show a Blue Line - you are Not Pregnant. |
| Why can Monoclonal Antibodies be Used to Treat Cancer? Why can't we use the Immune System? | -Cancer Cells have Antigens, sure, but its Antigens aren't Found on Normal Body Cells - this is a Tumour Markers
-And, Cancer Cells are made by the Body so therefore aren't 'Foreign' for the Body meaning the Immune System will do Nothing
-However, Monoclonal Antibodies can be Made to Bind onto the Tumour Markers, Effectively Treating Cancer. |
| How can Monoclonal Antibodies be Used to Diagnose Cancer? | -Give the Antibodies a Radioactive Element [Physics!!]
-Give the now Radioactive Antibodies to the Patient via a Drip which allows it to go in the Blood and therefore Everywhere
-When it Finds a Cancer Cell, it will Bind onto that Tumour Marker
-A Picture can be Formed via some Camera that will Show the Radioactivity as a Bright Spot [So Bright Spot = Cancer Cell]
-You can then see Where, How Big and If its Growing beyond. |
| How can Monoclonal Antibodies be Used to Target Drugs to Cancer Cells? | -Anti-Cancer Drug is Attached to a Monoclonal Antibody. The Drug can be Radioactive or to Prevent it from Growing
-Given to the Patient via a Drip [Into the Blood]
-Antibodies will be Specific to the Cancer Cells - they only like Tumour Markers
-The Drugs will Kill the Cancer Cells, no one Else
-This may be Better than Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy because those 2 Methods may Damage Body Cells - Allowing worse Side Effects. |
| How even can Cancer Happen? | -Cells, when Divided a Number of Times will Stop
-However, a Mutation in the Genes that Controls the Cell Division can Grow in a Way that is Unprecedented
-Mitosis keeps on Happening which will lead to a Tumour; Cancer is a Tumour that will Invade other Tissues. |
