| Effervescent Preparations | Carbonate or Bicarbonate
Organic Acids – Tartaric Acid, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Ascorbic Acid |
| Also known as the Noble Gases | Group 0 elements
Group VIII (8) in the periodic table |
| Second lightest air | Helium (He) |
| What is Helium used for and its container? | Used to prepare synthetic airs ( 20% O2 + 80% He)
a. Carrier / diluent of medicinally important gases
b. component of artificial gas
Container: Brown |
| Toxicity of Helium | Donald Duck like sound if inhaled |
| For advertising purposes | Neon (Ne) |
| Most abundant noble gas | Argon (Ar) |
| Substitute to Nitrogen as inert atmosphere for pharmaceutics
By-product of the fractionalization of liquid air for the production of O2 and N2 | Argon (Ar) |
| Least abundant of all noble gases
Investigated for possible use as anesthetics | Krypton (Kr) |
| Investigated for possible anesthetics | Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe) |
| Synthetic Noble Gas | Radon (Rn)
aka: niton |
| What is the use of Radon (Rn) ? | Used for treatment of Cervical Cancer |
| Comprise the most reactive of all the metallic elements
Valence electron = 1
Activity increases with atomic number
Hydroxides give alkaline solutions
Alkalinity increases with atomic number
Degree of solvation decreases with increasing atomic number | Group 1A Elements (Alkali Metals) |
| Inflammable air
Lightest element/ gas
Very reactive, explosive property | Hydrogen (H2) |
| What are the use of Hydrogen (H2)? | Inflating balloons |
| Isotopes of Hydrogen | Protium - Most abundant
Deuterium - heavy hydrogen
D2O - heavy water
Tritium - radioactive
powerful reducing agent
pale blue flame |
| Earth
Lightest metal | Lithium (Li)
Bridge element of Mg |
| What is the use of Lithium (Non pcol) ? | Heat exchanger in air conditioners |
| What is the use of Lithium (Pcol) ? | Depressant and Diuretic |
| What are the compounds of Lithium? | 1 Lithium Bromide (LiBr) - Depressant sedative
2 Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) BN:
3 Lithase - Drug of choice for mania
Side Effects: Ebstein anomaly (Congenital cardiac abnormalities)
Flame Test - Carmine Red |
| most abundant extracellular cation | Sodium (Na)
Responsible for fluid retention
"Natrium" - nature |
| Color of Sodium(Na) in flame test | Persistent golden yellow |
| Effervescent Preparations | Carbonate or Bicarbonate
Organic Acids – Tartaric Acid, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Ascorbic Acid |
| Ringer’s Solution | 1 NaCl (Sodium chloride)
2 KCl (Potassium chlorid)
3 CaCl2 (Calciu chloride) |
| Bases/Alkaline causes | Liquefactive Necrosis (Lipids) |
| Acids causes | Coagulative Necrosis (Proteins) |
| Antidotes | Base – vinegar, fruit juices
Acid – antacid
For both: Dilution with water or milk
Sulfuric Acid – Contraindicated with dilution of water (Exothermic reaction) |
| Antidote bases | Vinegar, fruit juices |
| Antidote acid | antacid |
| Acid and bases is ingested | dilute with water or milk |
| Most abundant intracellular cation | Potassium (K) |
| Potassium (K) aka | Kalium |
| What are the uses of Potassium (K)? | For muscular contraction
Diuretics |
| Potassium (K) deficiency | Hypokalemia |
| “Cream of Tartar or Creamor” | Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6) |
| What are the uses of Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)? | Laxative |
| What are the uses of Potassium Bromide (KBr) ? | Depressant |
| Ingredient of toothpaste, mouthwashes, gargles | Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) |
| “Potash, Salt of Peter, Perlash, Salt of Tartar” | Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) |
| What are the uses of Potassium Chloride (KCl) ? | Slow IV drip/infusion, Electrolyte replenisher, Ringer’s Solution, Lethal injection |
| What are the uses of Potassium Acetate(KCH3COO)? | Diuretic, Antacid, Urinary and Systemic Alkalizer |
| Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3) | Systemic Antacid, Carbonating Agent
together with Sulfa drugs-cystalluria |
| Catalyst in polymerization of resin | Cesium (Cs)
No pharmacological significance (also Rb) |
| used in density gradient centrifugation (separation of protein and nucleic acid) | Cesium Chloride (CsCl) |
| Conjugate acid of ammonia
HYPOTHETICAL alkali metal | Ammonium (NH4+) |
| What are the uses of Ammonium (NH4+) ? | 1 Diuretic
2 expectorant
3 anti cariogenic
4 buffer |
| Compounds of Ammonium | 1 Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br) – sedative depressant
2 Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3 – “Sal Volatile, Hartshorn, Preston Salt”
- expectorant, respiratory stimulant, antacid, ingredient of aromatic ammonia spirit
-pungent, irritating odor, penetrating
3 Aromatic Ammonia Spirit – “Spirit of Sal Volatile, Spirit of Hartshorn”
Respiratory Stimulant
4 Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) – “Muriate of Hartshorn, Sal Ammonia”
- Diuretic, Expectorant, Urinary acidifier |
| What are the uses of Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br)? | sedative depressant |
| “Sal Volatile, Hartshorn, Preston Salt” | Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3 |
| What are the uses of Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3? | expectorant, respiratory stimulant, antacid, ingredient of aromatic ammonia spirit
odor: pungent |
| “Spirit of Sal Volatile, Spirit of Hartshorn” | Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
Respiratory Stimulant |
| “Muriate of Hartshorn, Sal Ammonia” | Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
Diuretic, Expectorant, Urinary acidifier |
| 16⁰ Ammonia | degrees Baumè
household ammonia
Contains 10% NH3 |
| produced by HABER’S PROCESS | AMMONIA (NH3) |
| similar in behavior to K | Rubidium (Rb)
No pharmacological significance (also Cs) |
| Inorganic base + Organic/ Fatty acids or esters | Saponification |
| Normal Saline Solution (NSS) | 0.9% w/v – isotonic |
