| True or false: Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream. | True. |
| How does diabetes insipidus develop? | Where there is a decrease in production of ADH from the poster pituitary or the action of ADH is diminished. |
| True or false: Hypothyroidism occur in women 30 to 60 years of age and more common in older adults. | True. |
| How does diabetes insipidus develop? | Where there is a decrease in production of ADH from the poster pituitary or the action of ADH is diminished. |
| One of the most powerful glands in the body; has also been called “master glad” | Pituitary Gland. |
| List the six major hormones are secreted but the anterior pituitary gland: | Somatotropin, or growth hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL) |
| What nontropic hormone and has a direct effect on the mammary glands, which in return are stimulated to produce milk. | Prolactin (PRL). |
| What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary and released by the posterior pituitary when the hypothalamus is stimulated? | Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
| What promotes the release of milk and stimulates uterine contractions during labor? | Oxytocin. |
| What gland is butterfly shaped, with one lobe lying on either side of the trachea just below the larynx. | Thyroid gland. |
| What are the lobes connected by? | Isthmus. |
| What are the two main hormones that the thyroid glad secretes? | Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyronine(T4). |
| Where are the four parathyroid glands located? What does it excrete? | On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone). |
| True or False: PTH, (parathormone) tends to increase the concentration of the calcium in the blood. | True. |
| True or False: PTH, (parathormone) regulates the amount of phosphorus in the blood. | True. |
| True or False: Hypocalcemia can a slow the heart rate, causing cardiac irritability and heart failure. | True. |
| True or False: With hypercalcemia heart function may become impaired and can result in death if not treated. | True |
| What do the two adrenal glands contain? | Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. |
| What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex? | Mineralocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids.
Sex hormones. |
| What are the two hormones are released during times of stress? | Epinephrine (adrenaline).
Norepinephrine. |
| What are the two major hormones that the pancreas secrete? | Insulin.
Glucagon. |
| What is secreted by the beta cells in response to increased levels if glucose in the blood? | Insulin. |
| What is secreted by the alpha cells decreased of glucose in the blood. | Glucagon. |
| True or False: Insulin and glucagon play a major role in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. | True. |
| What are the female sex glands? | Ovaries. |
| What are the male sex glands? | Testes. |
| What does the thymus gland produces? | Thymosin. |
| What does the pineal gland secrete? | Melatonin. |
| This type of rhythm are physical, mental and behavior changes that follow a daily cycle? | Circadian rhythms. |
| What can acromegaly cause? | Idiopathic hyperplasia.
Tumor growth. |
| What are some subjective data for a person with acromegaly? | Headaches or visual disturbances.
Painful, still joints. |
| What are some clinical manifestation for a patient with acromegaly? | Enlarged cranium.
Lower jaw.
Enlarge tongue. |
| What are some collective objective data for a person with acromegaly? | Ongoing assessment of bone enlargement and joint involvement.
Changes in vital signs. |
| What is the patient at risk for after removal of the pituitary tumor gland? | Diabetes insipidus. |
| List some following nursing interventions for acromegaly: | Relieving discomfort of the patient. |
| A result from an over secretion of GH (growth hormone) before the onset of puberty, as a result if hyperplasia of the anterior pituitary. | Gigantism. |
| What is used to evaluate growth hormone (GH) levels for someone who has gigantism? | A growth hormone (GH) suppression test. |
| What are some medical management of children with gigantism? | Surgical removal of tumor tissue.
Irradiation of the anterior gland. |
| List some of the following nursing intervention for gigantism: | Monitor children with increased growth rates.
Be understanding and compassionate. |
| List following medications for endocrine disorders: | Table 11.1 |
| A condition in which there is increased activity of the thyroid gland, with overproduction of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. | Hyperthyroidism. |
| Hyperthyroidism are commonly found in: | Women in the 20- to 40-year-old age group. |
| List the following clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism: | Exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes).
Visible edema of the anterior of the neck. |
| A patient with hyperthyroidism may experience: | Inability to concentrate and memory loss.
Dysphasia.
Heart palpitations. |
| What is the thyroid controlled by? | Hypothalamus. |
| What is used to treat hyperthyroidism? | Iodine.
Methimazole (Tapazole). |
| What is T3 and its normal levels. | T3 is serum triiodothyronine and normal values 65 to 195 ng/dL. |
| What is T4 and its normal levels. | T4 is serum thyroxine 5 to 12 mcg/dL. |
| Why do hyperthyroid patients need more nutrients? | Because of their increased metabolism. |
| What are some nursing interventions for hyperthyroidism: | Properly support the head while repositioning patient.
Teach patient to deep breathe. |
| A clinical sign of abnormal spasm of the facial muscles. | Chvostek’s sign. |
| True or False: Trousseau’s sign assesses for latent tentany. | True. |
| What is one of the most common medical disorders in the United States? | Hypothyroidism. |
| True or false: Hypothyroidism occur in women 30 to 60 years of age and more common in older adults. | True. |
| True or false: All infants in United States are screened for decrease thyroid function at birth. | True. |
| What are some early signs of hypothyroidism? | Weight gain.
Difficulty concentrating.
Constipation. |
| List some of the following nursing interventions for hypothyroidism: | Keep records if bowel elimination.
Teach patient to take thyroid hormone on a consistent schedule. |
| True or false: Goiter develops when the thyroid gland enlarges in response to low iodine levels in the bloodstream or when it is unable to use iodine properly. | True. |
| What do you look for when a patient has simple goiter? | Signs and symptoms of dysphagia, dyspnea, or hoarseness. |
| List some diagnostic test to determine simple goiter: | Thyroid scan.
Ultra sound. |
| What is used to treat simple goiter? | Surgery (thyroidectomy).
Lug oil’s solution (anti hyperthyroid). |
| How does diabetes insipidus develop? | Where there is a decrease in production of ADH from the poster pituitary or the action of ADH is diminished. |
| Excessive thirst. | Polydipsia. |
| Excretion of an abnormally large amount of urine. | Polyuria. |
| List some of the following clinical manifestation: | Changes in level of consciousness, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension. |
| What is a long-term complication of diabetes mellitus? | Renal failure. |
| True or false: A patient may develop congestive heart failure and die during a thyroid crisis. | True. |
| True or false: Diabetes insipidus develops when there is a decrease in production of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). | True. |
| True or False: Patient diagnosed with acromegaly is at risk for trauma. | True. |
| What is the drug methimazole (Tapa-zole) used for? | To block the production of thyroid hormones with someone who is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. |
| What is the postoperative position for a person who has a d a thyroidectomy? | Semi-Fowler. |
| What extra equipment should the nurse provide at the bedside of a new postoperative thyroidectomy patient? | Tracheotomy tray. |
| True or false: Humalog begins to take effect less that half the time of regular, fast-acting insulin, and be injected 15 minutes before a meal. | True. |
| True or false: Severe hypocalcemia may result in laryngeal spasm. | True. |
| What would a mid-afternoon snack of milk and crackers be given? | To prevent an insulin reaction. |
| True of false: Oral hypoglycemic are compound that stimulate the B cells in the pancreas to increase insulin release. | True. |
| What should a nutritional intervention include with someone who has hypothyroidism? | Calorie-restricted diet. |
| True or false: Insulin should be administered at room temperature, to help prevent insulin lipohypertrophy. | True. |
| Thyroid Storm? | Pg. ? |
| True or false: Iodine-131 is contraindicated during pregnancy. | True. |
| What food contains iodine? | Eggs. |
| True or false: 100-unite syringe is marked in 2-unit increments. | True. |
| What are the following sign and symptoms of hypoglycemia: | Irritability.
Tremors.
Deep respirations. |
| What are the three major life-threatening complications postoperatively of a thyroidectomy? | Hemorrhaging.
Tetany.
Thyroid crisis (storm). |
| What long-acting insulin covers for 24 hours? | Lantus. |
| What is another term for hyperglycemic reaction? | Ketoacidosis. |
| True or false: Only regular insulin can be administered intravenously. | True. |
| What is a special organ devised from a group pf epithelia cells that form tissues that work together to produce and secret hormones, enzymes and other components that help regulate the body. | Gland. |
| Where is the pituitary gland located? | Beneath the hypothalamus of the brain in a cranial cavity. |
| Know diagram glands. | Figure 11.1 pg.479 |
| True or false: Negative feedback inhibition process occurs when the gland releases a primary hormone, which stimulates target cells to release secondary hormone. | True. |
| What is the third hormone release by the thyroid gland? | Calcitonin. |
| True or false: Manifestations of acromegaly begins gradually, usually in the third or fourth decade of life. | True. |
| Table 11.3 | Pg.501 |
| True or false: The patient should carry an emergency kit at all times with 100mg of IM hydrocortisone, syringes, and instructions for us. | True. |
| What rare tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes excessive secretion of the catecholamine? | Pheochromocytoma. |
| True or false: In a hypertensive crisis blood pressure can sometimes fluctuate as high as 300/175mm Hg. | True. |
| Table 11.4 | Pg.504 |
| List the following complications of someone with diabetes mellitus: | Blindness.
Renal Failure.
Amputation. |
