| What is depression more common in? | More common in women than men |
| What is depression more common in? | People over 70 |
| What does ICD stand for? | International Classification of Diseases |
| How do you diagnose depression? | At least 2 symptoms from 1-3 on the list has to be present for a week
Then another 2 symptoms from the rest of the list for 2 weeks |
| What is unipolar depression? | A type of mood disorder causing periods of intense sadness and feeling a lack of motivation to do everyday activites. |
| What is serotonin ? | Is a neurotransmitter, it plays a role in regulating your mood |
| What is the 5HTT gene? | Plays a role in serotonin activity. There are short and long alleles of the 5HTT gene |
| What was Capsi et al's theory of the length of the 5HTT gene? | Someone with a short-short allele is more likely to develop depression in comparison to someone with a short-long and long-long allele |
| How many people were in Caspi's study? | 847 |
| What type of study was it and for how long? | Longitudinal study, from 3-21 years |
| What was measure 1? | Frequency of 14 stressful life events between 21-26th birthday |
| What was measure 2? | At age 26, the depressive symptoms for the past year were assessed. Someone who knew them well was asked via questionnaire |
| Results of measure 1? | No difference across the groups |
| Result of measure 2? | 17% people across all groups been diagnosed with a depressive episode in the past year
3% have attempted suicide. |
| What did the groups tell about the alleles? | People with 2 short alleles reported more depressive symptoms in a response to stress.
Ppl with 2 long alleles less depressive symptoms |
| Strength of Caspi? | Large sample of people from different ages, represent a large target population |
| Strength of Caspi? | Results can be used to predict behaviors and future events |
| Weakness of Caspi? | Could have lied on the questionnaire, open to interpretation |
| Weakness of Caspi? | The gene couldn't be manipulated so can't see the direct relationship with the allele and depression |
| What are monozygotic twins? | Share 100% identical genetic makeup |
| What are dizygotic twins? | Share 50% of the same genetic makeup |
| What is concordance rate? | The measure of the likelihood or probability that two people (eg. Twins) who share the same genes will both develop the same mental health problem. |
| What was the concordance rate of depression for mono and di zygotic twins by McGuffin? | Mono - 46%
Di - 20% |
| What did the concordance rate tell us about depression? | Genes do play a part in depression and show that MZ twins are 2 times more likely to develop depression than DZ twins.
But not 100% concordance rate shows that it is not solely based fo genes |
| What is the function of the 5HTT gene? | It regulates the mood by transporting a neurotransmitter called serotonin between the neurons in the brain. |
| How does 5HTT gene play a part in depression? | If the gene doesn't produce large amounts of serotonin more venerable to depression and how they handle stressful events. SS allele |
| What is the Diathesis stress model? | Looks at the combined factor of nature and nurture. Biological factor being 5HTT gene and environmental factor being stressful life situations. |
| Strength of the genetic explanation of depression? | Reduce stigma behind depression, seeing as it is based on genes and people can except it more. |
| Strength of genetic explanation of depression ? | Supporting evidence from McGuffin about the concordance rate of MZ and DZ twins. |
| Weakness of genetic explanation of depression? | It is reductionist, doesn't look at the whole picture, can't just look at genetic makeup and some environmental factors |
| Weakness of genetic explanation of depression | Can't show direct relationship with genes and depression seeing as you can't manipulate the gene. Hard to come to a valid conclusion about whether genes play a part. |
| What did Beck claim as the 3 triads that cause depression? | Negative view on self, world and future |
| What happens to someone if they have a negative triad? | Experience cognitive bias, seeing things much worse than they actually are. For example, magnification, seeing problems far magnified than they are in reality |
| What does Beck feel the negative triad comes from? | Bad life experience |
| Strength of Beck's theory? | This can be applied to therapy like CBT and it has been successful. |
| Strength of Beck's theory? | Offers a holistic explanation, allows the combination of both nature and nurture. |
| Weakness of Beck's theory ? | Blames it on people's thought patterns rather than genetic explanation, increase stigma |
| Weakness of Beck's theory? | Can't establish a cuase - effect relationship between negative thinking and depression. Can't come to a valid conclusion, might only play a casual role. |
| What is addiction? | A psychological problem that means people need a particular thing in order to go about their normal routine and avoid negative feelings |
| What is denial? | Ignoring evidence that the substance is harmful to them |
| What is conflict? | Replacing normal activities with time spent with the activity or recovering from it |
| What is complusion? | A feeling that a person needs to take the substance |
| What is relapse? | Stopping or reducing the substance is difficult, return to substance |
| What is withdrawlal? | Physical symptoms like sweating, vomiting after spending time apart from substance |
| What is tolerance? | May need to increase the amount of intake of the substance over time |
| What did Carmelli et al find about the concordance rate of MZ and DZ twins with smoking? | If one MZ twin was a smoker, high chance the other would be than if the twins were DZ |
| What does Carmelli et al suggest about addiction? | Addiction of smoking can be genetic |
| What is the DDR2 gene? | Dopamine receptor gene |
| What did Martinez find out about the DDR2 gene? | Heavy cocaine users had the A1 variant of the DDR2 gene, means less dopamine receptor in their brain. |
| Conclusion of Martinez et al? | Certain variants of gene can cause vulnerability that can lead to developing drug addictions |
| Strength of the genetic explanation of addiction? | Reduces stigma around addiction, seeing as the people may have inherited the gene |
| Strength of the genetic explanation of addiction? | There is scientific evidence to backup, eg the Carmelli et al study. Add to the validity of explanation. |
| What is social learning? | Learning from observing and imitating role models |
| How does social learning link to addiction? | addiction can be started by observing a role model, like an adult or parent and then the person will imitate their behaviour.
Addiction is initiated |
| What is operant conditioning ? | Learning from the consequences of actions |
| How does operant conditioning link to addiction? | if an addiction gives the person rewards, it will make them more likely to repeat the addiction over time. It is reinforced.
Addiction is maintained |
| What is Classical conditioning? | Learning through association |
| How does classical conditioning link to addiction? | association is created between 2 situations or stimuli when they are used and paired repeatedly over time.
Explains relapse |
| Strength of learning theory of addiction? | Can be applied to therapy, unlearn addictive behaviors |
| Strength of learning theory of addiction? | More holistic. Recongises 3 different things that could account for addiction, role models, life experience and emotion |
| Weakness of learning theory of addiction? | Focuses too much on the role nurture. Does not take into account genetic predisposition like DDR2 |
| Weakness of learning theory of addiction? | No show of cause and effect, not everyone who drinks becomes and addict. No valid conclusion |
| What are the 2 stages of CBT? | Functional analysis and skill training |
| What is functional analysis? | when a patient discusses with the therapist the causes and triggers for their abnormal behaviour. |
| What is skill training? | when a patient learns ways to control and change their thoughts and behaviour. The patient is often assigned ‘homework’ tasks to practise their new skills and to keep a diary of their progress at home between sessions. |
| Strength of CBT ? | Supporting evidence from Young, the therapy can reduce symptoms more effectivley unlike drugs |
| Strength of CBT? | More effective than drugs, it is a long term effect |
| Weakness of CBT? | It relies on the patient being motivated to change behavior, might not be effective to some patients |
| Weakness of CBT? | Focuses too much on the role of nurture. If genetic makeup, drugs may be more helpful. |
| What was the Young study? | To see how effective cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) would be for those suffering from internet addiction. |
| How did the Young study work? | First few sessions functional analysis
Following sessions skill training |
| When was the client outcome questionnaires given? | after 3rd, 8th, ,12th sessions and after 6 months |
| Results of young? | Improvement over the 12 weeks of CBT
No significant drop after 6 months after CBT had ended |
| Strength of young? | Results consistant - collected over number of weeks and sessions |
| Strength of Young? | CBT was useful treatment, people can use it in everyday life, can apply therapy to everyday life |
| Weakness of Young? | as the results of the client outcome questionnaire may not be accurate, eg the patient lying on the questionnaire. |
| Weakness of Young? | unrepresentative because it consisted of an unequal number of male and female participants and they were mainly caucasion. |
| What does the SSRI drugs do? | Blocking the reuptake of serotonin from the neuron, more serotonin to diffuse across synapse, improve mood because increase level of serotonin |
| What does Methadone drugs do? | Its a opiate, mimics heroine but is less addictive |
| What does Naltrexone drugs do? | Reduce cravings by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, so that the dopamine pathway reward is no longer stimulated |
| Strength of taking the drugs? | Reduce the symptoms so that they can take part in psychological treatment like CBT. More motivated etc. |
| Weakness of taking the drugs? | Naltrexnone can cuase drowsiness, nausea, headaches, anexity and depression
SSRI can cause the same.
Side effects make it hard to keep taking the drug |
| Weakness of taking the drug? | Can reduce the symptoms of the depression or addiction but it doesn't address the problem. High chance of relapse |
